THE UNITED STATES
STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

3 4630>-
FIELD REPORT

Covering Air-Raid Protection
_ and Allied Subjects in

NAGASAKI, JAPAN

Civilian Defense Division
March, 1947

RESTRICTED

UA 929.J3 qU58f 1947

NLM 05098305 1

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED 1836

WASHINGTON, D.C.

THE UNITED STATES.
STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

FIELD REPORT

Covering Air-Raid Protection
and Allied Subjects in

NAGASAKI, JAPAN

Civilian Defense Division
Dates of Field Team Survey:
11-16 November 1945
Date of Publication:
February 1947

RESTRICTED

This report was written primarily for the use of the U. 8. Strategic Bomb-
ing Survey in the preparation of further reports of a more comprehensive
nature. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report must be con-
sidered as limited to the specific material covered and as subject to further

interpretation in the light of further studies conducted by the Survey.

l} A

Vip 47

lll

FOREWORD

The United States Strategic Bombing Survey
was established by the Secretary of War on 3
November 1944, pursuant to a directive from the
late President Roosevelt. Its mission was to
conduct an impartial and expert study of the
effects of our aerial attack on Germany, to be used
in connection with air attacks on Japan and to
establish a basis for evaluating the importance
and potentialities of air power as an instrument
of military strategy for planning the future de-
velopment of the United States armed forces and
for determining future economic policies with
respect to the national defense. A summary re-
port and some 200 supporting reports containing
the findings of the Survey in Germany have been
published,

On 15 August 1945, President Truman requested
that the Survey conduct a similar study of the
effects of all types of air attack in the war against
Japan, submitting reports in duplicate to the
Secretary of War and to the Secretary of the
Navy. The officers of the Survey during its
Japanese phase were:

Franklin D’Olier, Chairman.
Paul H,. Nitze, Henry C, Alexander, Vice
Chairmen.
Harry L. Bowman,
J. Kenneth Galbraith,
Rensis Likert,
Frank A, McNamee, Jr.,
Fred Searls, Jr.,
Monroe E. Spaght,
Dr. Lewis R. Thompson,
Theodore P. Wright, Directors.
Walter Wilds, Secretary.
The Survey’s complement 300

provided for

416043

III

civilians, 350 officers, and 500 enlisted men. The
military segment of the organization was drawn
from the Army to the extent of 60 percent, and
from the Navy to the extent of 40 percent. Both
the Army and the Navy gave the Survey all possi-
ble assistance in furnishing men, supplies, trans-
port, and information, The Survey operated
from headquarters established in Tokyo early in
September 1945, with subheadquarters in Nagoya,
Osaka, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, and with mobile
teams operating in other parts of Japan, the
islands of the Pacific, and the Asiatic mainland.

It was possible to reconstruct much of wartime
Japanese military planning and execution, en-
gagement by engagement and campaign by cam-
paign, and to secure reasonably accurate statistics
on Japan’s economy and war production, plant by
plant, and industry by industry. In addition,
studies were conducted on Japan’s over-all stra-
tegic plans and the background of her entry into
the war, the internal discussions and negotiations
leading to her acceptance of unconditional sur-
render, the course of health and morale among
the civilian population, the effectiveness of the
Japanese civilian defense organization, and the
effects of the atomic bombs. Separate reports will
be issued covering each phase of the study.

The Survey interrogated more than 700 Japa-
nese military, government, and industrial officials.
It also recovered and translated many documents
which not only have been useful to the Survey,
but also will furnish data valuable for other
studies. Arrangements have been made to turn
over the Survey’s files to the Central Intelligence
Group, through which they will be available for
further examination and distribution,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Pages
Summaries!

PBERSCISIDUOTIONS osu icf, csaiviense 2 ofan 50k PRRs we OASRS AOE 1
II. Spectra, Crvin1an DEFENSE AGENCIES ...........0000-00e000: 6
III. ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF JAPANESE CIVILIAN DEFENSE. . 12
SELES ESUICE AVY RULER Mt 5 oto a dis. ee eels oe eee ene thee 12

NE ENPUEO HACGETINOQUER roo Sete cn cy eee a een ase cca. ated a tre Mine Ae 13
BTICIOCTEC MOFOTIUR DUI Graces. ek bis eevee SUES: a Le 15
LEEAS PU Ca EG PS STE el yd 16

Fea NE RONENE Ts eee aca oS a gis4, 2 gl gs vss o SYA Sil « Cote 16
Panergeney Medical Services: 6... 0 ee, RR 26
INSACEIEMERCLERNY FUME cee ee, oe CP andratcle dusk’ s odie nace te sees 37
Post-Raid Clearance and Repair ...................000065 41

IV. Prorecrion or Facrories, Urivrries, INSTALLATIONS AND BUILD-

EINGS DEVOTED TOP UBLIC USE). 3... e as cae sateeess 49

PPRCLOUY AGE MEAIC MTOLOCEIONs, ..cccsscc on 564 d's0 gah oad wisn dees 49
iRalroad: S17r-haig Protection 22.01.45 4.8 52.6. et tk peas 5D
National Communications Air-Raid Protection. ............ 56
Harbor Air-Raid Protection and Port Security............. 57

V. Passive DEFENSE INSTALLATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS ............ 62
See MMR CRI OR PUSS IPTREETE 9000 oo le 10x wile cco knox concen aprasd cab facacm ergs 2
CDLOEL ET) Seat be SS a ee a ee hs ee eon: te | 63
PORN TOLEC UOT ICPVICE zh. carn d-5 tes gies Mant oh ahs. Shae 76
MUeeSIRELISRERIPD VAL FUMES moe S, cid '. Vcc alee cae a stone ote rede rtarehe 7
Conduct of the Public During Raids....................... 80

el hs EO PAGIFATION CAND) VV BLMARE 65:07... +s, didsiiie 4,0bs @men sa el oaele a ei 83
PSR CACTETA GTI yy ap a ete OC Oe Ee oe an P 83
Post-raid Emergency Welfare........ BIS a SACI 86

DUMcrira bb SPEER ERE ESELIUNN oe cc tas seh fads ion op SB Paige Ran eb Sh 88

Dee eR ATNING, EAP R VEE © IAs Sx Shee ere OS ee oe eee ae 94
GrCivilian Detense) Personnel 2. bc ool isa et eo 94

lhl iT Sao 847) 1 Ce eh caries Ace eA tel ee Be AR A 95

PEL MERU NGE, VURMES eo, A eiepsya'a. o o.%e, 0 sw wlaieinalsinldixis 4 b\eyeleccks wie eles woase 97

4See paragraphs headed “Comments” at the end of each titled subsection.

Baehibit
Designation

IX. Exuierrs

A. List giving location of the 11 sirens in Nagasaki, showing horse-
powerand rAnpe/or each. yaa. bok ee Me been be oss

B. List of officials interviewed in Nagasaki City .............+..

C. Report on study made of the Kawanami Ship Building, Ltd.,
Nagasaki. Reference Item 9 ........ en ee ee

D. Report on study made of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Heavy Torpedo Works, Nagasaki. Five illustrations.......

I. Report on study made of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Nagasaki Shipbuilding and Engine Works. Reference Item
i 1 VPS che Sop creer et. Seen ee ees 3 Gh ee ee

F. Tables showing lighting conditions in Nagasaki, and the de-
crease in lighting due to the application of light control
Measures. ........ Brel aeeritcs 2 Etat ree

G, Sketch of Nagasaki, showing locations of certain tunnel shel-
ters with respect to the atomic bomb point of impact......

H. List of names of persons interviewed, who were in shelters at
time of atomic bomb explosion ..... eo ee eee te

I. Translation of prefecture plan for the evacuation of persons
in Nagasaki and Sasebo. Reference Item 13...............

J. Translation of articles 1 to 9, inclusive, of the national war-
time damage protection law (Senji Saigai Hogo Ho), en-
acted 24 Feb. 1942 .... sis Cesar A ee eT

K. Translation of articles 1 to 4, inclusive, of official bulletin, extra
issue of 18 September 1942: Particulars for carrying out the
wartime disaster protection law in Nagasaki prefecture

L. Translation of pamphlet: Distribution and Cooking of Emer-
gency Food Supply. Reference Item 18 |. Pe ohh are

M. Translation of pamphlet: Summary of War Casualty Insur-
ance. Reference Item 19 ............ ere.
N. Prefectural record of payment under war service allowance law
(translation). Reference Item 20 |... fide cn oe
O. Application (translation) for payment of claim for pension

and allowance under wartime disaster protection plan. Ref-
erence Item 21

Vi

Payes

98
98

99

102

107

113

114

115

116

119

120

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Relative Importance of Nagasaki. a. Nag:
asaki’s best days were those prior to Admiral
Perry’s entry in 1854, when for two centuries it
had been the only Japanese port open to foreign
(Dutch) trade. With the opening of the entire
country to foreign commerce, Yokohama and
Kobe gradually became the primary ports for
servicing large vessels and for bulk shipments
to China, thus bypassing Nagasaki which slowly
declined in relative importance to eleventh place
among the cities of Japan.

b. As Nagasaki yielded its position as a port
to the rapidly expanding ports of Yokohama and
Kobe, it was natural that industrial concerns,
looking for unemployed labor and low costs,
should find in Nagasaki a profitable location. The
economic domination of the city thus passed into
the hands of large concerns with headquarters in
Tokyo and Osaka, which established shipbuilding
plants, fish canneries and cotton textile factories.
A large number of small machine shops and old
one-family handicraft enterprises continued to
operate in many parts of the city.

ce. Nagasaki’s significance, prior to the air
raids, was largely due to four factors:

(1) It was the port nearest to Shanghai, China,
and therefore, continued to be a transshipment
point for passengers and express goods.

(2) It contained one of the big shipbuilding
plants of Japan, which was considerably en-
larged during the war for both naval and mer-
cantile ship construction.

(8) With the expansion of the war into China
after July 1937, and into southeast Asia after
December 1941, Nagasaki became a staging area
and transshipment point for Japanese troops.

(4) In common with all of the larger cities of
Japan, Nagasaki experienced a conversion and an
expansion of industry for war purposes.

d. Nagasaki prefecture had an extremely ir-
regular configuration consisting largely of pen-
insulas extending in every direction from the
city, including 217 rural towns and fishing vil-
lages, and five cities (Nagasaki, Sasebo, Omura,
Isahaya and Shimabara). Sasebo had a preraid
population of 205,989 and ranked with Yokosuka
and Kure as one of the three principal naval bases

1

of Japan. The city and the fortitied zone around
it were dominated by the navy, but technically,
at least, were under the administrative jurisdic-
tion of the Nagasaki prefectural government.

2. Area and Population. a. The area of the
city of Nagasaki was 36 square miles and of
Nagasaki prefecture, 1,574 square miles. The
populations of the city and the prefecture from
1 January 1940 to 1 September 1945 are given
below:

Nagasaki Nagasaki

Prefecture City
January 1, 1940 1,296,883 275,460
Penrery ISSR Saas accegeten wala dais sla 279,524
January 1, 1942 ise ube toe 1.523, 868 | 280.524
January’ 1, 1943 Oo% i ssc ees ce Mg odea ee odievetel 282.564
January 1, 1944 1.444.531 | 286 439
January 1, 1945.... } 276,741
September 1, 1945 ee #.. - Sa 153,610

Although there was a definite decline in popu-
lation of the city because of the earlier air raids,
the sharp drop indicated by the figures for 1
January and 1 September 1945 occurred very
largely in August as a result of the atomic bomb
of 9 August.

3. Physical Aspects. a. Nagasaki was built
on three sides of an oval-shaped harbor, and ex-
tended from the eastern side (the oldest and
largest section of the city) around the northern
end and well into the western side of the harbor.
Because the harbor was so closely surrounded by
hills and mountains, the city was built on their
lower slopes and on reclaimed land, Thus, viewed
from the air, it resembled a gigantic amphi-
theater. The age of the city and its peculiar
topography resulted in crowded, crooked, narrow
streets, some of them so steep as to require steps.

b. In spite of the long period of foreign (west-
ern) influence, Nagasaki was decidedly less mod-
ern and possessed fewer up-to-date fire-resistant
structures than Kobe or Yokohama. The newer
industrial sections and the emergency war instal-
lations in the area north of the harbor were also
largely flimsy wooden structures.

c. The vulnerability of the city to air raids
was partially offset by two factors:

RESTRICTED

(1) The city was built around a body of water
and was bisected by a number of small streams;

(2) Important sections of the city extended up
into valleys, the intervening ridges thus afford-
ing protection which was especially evident in
the case of the atomic bomb.

4. Effects of Air Raids and the Atomic Bomb.

a. The areas affected by air raids and by the
atomic bomb of 9 August 1945 are indicated on
the map of Nagasaki (Reference Item 1).

b. Casualties and property damage were as
follows:

Casualties

} Casualties
due to

Raids prior to atomic
| atomic bomb

bomb (9 Aug. 1945)

Nagasaki City of City of
Prefecture Nagasaki Nagasaki
eT See Te eh 1,340 | 346 125,761
Tues os pcp ce enes cease 1,107 600 230,460
OM 5 sfatpce cin use 1a cede Be 75 34 1,927
Homeless families. ........... 16,557 273 21,174
Homeless individuals. ........ | 68, 462 1,623 89,780
Property damage Rice Propert.
| to atomic bomb damage due
| (9 ot 1945) to atomic
bomb, City
Nagasaki —_ City of of Nagasaki
| Prefecture | Nagasaki
Houses bombed: :
Totally destroyed. ....... 203 | 185 2,623
Partially destroyed... .... 233 207 5,265
Houses burned:
Totally burned... 2... ... 12.510 — 61 11,361
Partially burned... ...... 101 150

Factories bombed:
Totally destroyed. ....... 10 1 23
Partially destroyed. . |

Factories burned:
Totally burned... .. 5 SANA ESE 85

Partially burned... ...... BA viatevors 4 Oe weeds eabiicea meee
Office buildings bombed:

Totally destroyed, ....... 1 2 2

Partially destroyed... ... . 3) 2 2
Office buildings burned: |

Totally burned... ....... 2 Ras Se 33

Partially burned... ...... eS ee (i Peed
Schools bombed: |

Wotally Geattayee 56 stools: cee saeres|earrasemacws 4

Partially destroyed... _.. . 3 fl i eee
Schools burned:

‘Totally burned, .. .. . . 1 Ug (Aa aa 15

Partially burned... ... . : BU Pz ace aM ideaade sates

‘Materials for this field report were obtained in Nagasaki by the Civilian
Defense Division less than 90 days after the atomic bomb fell. Official data
on casualties are incomplete, the figure given here representing only verified
deaths as of 6 Noy. 1945. ‘The governor stated that actual deaths would
exceed this figure considerably but that no estimate was possible.

*This figure represents the number actually hospitalized for injuries in
Nagasaki. Since the area directly under the atomic bomb was on the
northern side of Nagasaki many of the injured were taken to other towns
and cities and would, therefore, not appear in the Nagasaki records. It
is estimated that an additional 25,000 persons were injured, making a total
of 55,460.

¢. Because of its configuration, Nagasaki pos-
sessed natural geographical defenses against the
widespread effects of bombs, and that fact was
particularly demonstrated in the atomic bomb
attack. The damage might have been considerably
greater had the city not been divided into com-
partments by mountain spurs and the harbor.

5. Hstimate of Civilian Defense Forces. a. In
theory, at least, the whole city (with the excep-
tion of the aged, the sick and the children), was
mobilized during an air raid through the civilian
defense organizations. The approximate number
of those concerned with air defense in the city of
Nagasaki as of July 1945 was:

POMCRMGR 6 sisicisiais disse ahats caenyh 5.0195is ome 332
APOMON: oo, es bs wsecuee ioe 287
Members of auxiliary police: and fire units 3,000
Members of harbor auxiliary police and fire units 825
Railroad employees (emergency repair squads) 210
Support from neighboring railrond division
when required ; ; (400)
National Communications (emergency repair
squads) cee 450
“Special first- aid unit” ‘(squads for disposal ef
dead bodies) 250
Emergency medical
Doctors = : . 182
Nurses .... x wr
Kmergency Publie Works Construction Group 5
Guard rescue unit : Bee acd ; ‘ G5
Neighborhood groups: 5,000 (15 to 20 families
in each group)
Adult able-bodied individuals (estimated) 140,000
OCR a oe 5 a ota ors > da ee ee eee 146,141

b. In addition to the above, factories and other
enterprises maintained sizable employee air-
defense organizations for the protection of their
own properties. Very seldom were there any full-
time air-raid-defense workers, regular employees
performing the necessary duties when needed. The
shipbuilding division of the Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, for example, had an organization
divided as follows:

In Fire-fighting units (including full-time fire-fight-

ing force of 70) 5) {2 :
Fix “WOT ONE: = oc &. le ae See ee ub at . 2280

In first-aid and gas- defense units ; 2.217

In smaller specialized units such as light control,
HN VEE y dy, cctv aha ea bly sen ee a te eee 1.361
9.560

c, All able-bodied adults were thus presuma-
bly mobilized for air defense. It should be noted,
however, that the same individual might have had
two quite different responsibilities, contingent
upon where he was and what he was doing at the
time of a raid.

Photo 2. Same area as seen in photo above. Looking east. Photo 3. 1500 feet northeast of GZ. Blast and fire dam-
age. Looking southwest.

24
»

Photo 4. Looking southeast from a point directly over the Nagasaki Prison. This hillside was crowded with typical
Japanese wood-frame houses. In the upper portion of the photo can be seen the northwest corner of the Nagasaki
Medical College.

Photo 5. 1500 feet from GZ. Aerial view looking west at Chinzei School,

713677—47—2

5

Il. SPECIAL CIVILIAN DEFENSE AGENCIES
AUXILIARY POLICE AND FIRE UNITS (KEIBODAN)

1. Introduction. In the city of Nagasaki the

regular prefectural fire department was estab-
lished only in 1948. Prior to that time the aux-
iliary police and fire units operated all fire
services in the city of Nagasaki, as they still did
in all areas of the prefecture at the time of this
report, with the exception of Nagasaki City and
Sasebo. A fuller treatment of the fire services
and the rivalry that arose with the establishment
of the regular fire department is treated in the
subject entitled “Fire Services.”
2. Organization. There were 170 auxiliary
police and fire units in Nagasaki Prefecture, 4 of
which were located in Nagasaki City. The areas
of these 4 units were coterminous with those of
the 4 police districts of the city. Bach unit in
the city was composed of approximately 1,000
members, although that figure was not set by
decree and could be changed to fit individual
areas. The auxiliary police and fire units in
Nagasaki adopted the “Bundan” system, i.e., they
were divided into from 8 to 13 subunits, the sub-
unit being the actual operating body, with the
unit headquarters acting as the coordinating
agency. Each subunit had from 70 to 80 members
divided into two arms:

a. Fire Arm (Shobobu), This arm contained
approximately 30 members who engaged exclu-
sively in fire fighting. The personnel was divided
into squads in whatever way was considered most
efficacious in the individual subunit. Equipment
consisted of motorized and hand fire pumps.

b. Guard and Medical Arm (Keigobu). This
arm, consisting of approximately 40 members,
was divided into 3 squads as follows:

(1) Guard Squad (Keibihan). The duties of
this squad consisted of traffic control, guiding
to shelters, conduct in shelters, assisting in the
cordonning off of areas rendered dangerous by
unexploded bombs, and other police functions.
It contained approximately 15 members.

(2) The Air Defense Squad (Bokuhan). This
squad which also contained approximately 15
members was responsible for the dissemination of
air-raid warnings, enforcement of light control,
observation of enemy planes and fires, distribution

of emergency supplies, execution of emergency
repairs, and all duties which did not specifically
fall under the jurisdiction of other squads.

(3) The Sanitation Squad (Biseihan). The 10
members of this squad were charged with the
duties of first-aid, antigas protection and decon-
tamination, epidemic prevention, and postraid
decontamination.

3. Officials, The officials of the auxiliary
police and fire units of the city of Nagasaki, none
of whom received a salary, were as follows:

a. Leader. The leader was elected by the mem-
bers of his unit, his name being then submitted
through police channels to the governor of the
prefecture, from whom he received his actual
commission. This election generally took the
form of a unanimous approbation of only one
nominee,
man was nominated, actual selection was made
by the leaders of the several subunits. The leader
had no set term of office, and continued his duties
until such time as he felt himself either to have
lost the confidence of the members or to have be-
come incapable of fully performing his duties. If,
under such circumstances, the leader refused to
resign he could be impeached by the members or
removed by the governor, although informants
could not recollect any such occurrence. Tis
duties consisted of the general supervision and
coordination of the unit, and he presided at the
unit’s meetings which were not set for definite
times, but were usually held once a year, or at
such times as the leader felt necessary.

b. Assistant Leaders. Although the regular
table of organization called for two assistant
leaders, most units had only one. He was ap-
pointed in the same manner as the leader, for an
indefinite term, His duties consisted of assist-
ing the leader and of replacing him when he was
absent.

c. Leader of the Subunit. The leader of the
subunit was chosen by popular acclaim of the
members of his subunit, after which his name was
submitted to the chief of the local police district
for approval, through the leader of the unit. He

In cases, however, when more than one

too served an indefinite term and his duties con-
sisted of executing the orders of the leader of the
unit with respect to his own subunit. At the time
of a raid, although the leader of the subunit was
responsible to the leader of his unit, he did have
the power to dispatch his own subunit’s equip-
ment without permission from the latter,

d. Assistant Subunit Leader. This officer was
optional among the subunits. He was selected
in the same manner as the leader, served for an
indefinite term, and assisted the leader, replac-
ing him, if necessary.

e. Arm Leaders. These were chosen in the
same manner as the subunit leaders for an indeti-
nite term and were responsible for the operations
of their particular arms.

4. Equipment and Training. Training of the
unit members was executed in the subunits, with
the subunit leader in charge. He attended a one
week training course in the Nagasaki air-defense
school (Boku Gakko). There were no habitual
training meetings within the unit, but regular
police and fire department members were occa-
sionally dispatched to the subunits for instrue-
tional purposes. The equipment of the units in
Nagasaki was similar to that of corresponding
units described in previous reports. <A full ac-
count of the specifications of the equipment con-
tained in the fire arm, however, will be found in
the section of this report entitled “Fire Services.”
Equipment was supplied through popular sub-
scription of citizens living in the area under the
unit’s jurisdiction.

5. Operations. The chain of command during
an air raid was the logical one: unit leader to
assistant leader, to subunit leader, to assistant
subunit leader, to arm leader, to squad leader,
to the individual member. The unit, in time of
raid, was responsible to the local police and fire
stations for reporting all incidents which it han-
dled. As the outstanding feature of any report on
the Nagasaki area is the effect on operations of
the unit during and after the explosion of the
atomic bomb, the experiences of the leader of the
unit in whose area the center of the explosion
occurred is of interest. The members of the sev-
eral subunits of this unit had gathered before
1100 on 9 August 1945 at the sounding of the
“alert.” When the “alarm” came, they stood by
their equipment ready for action, but upon the
sounding of the “release-from-alarm” most of the
members began to leave the subunit headquarters
to return home. It was just at that time that the

atomic bomb exploded. Immediately following
its explosion, all members who were able returned
to their subunit headquarters, and orders from
the police station were received for each subunit
to execute its duties to the best of its ability in its
own area, This particular unit lost approximately
100 members and 6 out of 13 motorized gasoline
fire pumpers as a result of the explosion.

6. Postwar Prospect. In Nagasaki City the
auxiliary police and fire units were still in opera-
tion, but on a greatly reduced basis. Each unit
had only 200 to 300 members and in most cases
the number of subunits had been slashed in half,
The remaining forces, however, were capable of
doing a certain amount of fire fighting, as well
as fulfilling other auxiliary police and fire func-
tions in case of flood, earthquakes, or hurricanes.’
They were also prepared to assume police func-
tions such as the prevention of looting and the
formation of posses to hunt criminals. Inform.
ants denied, however, that the auxiliary police and
fire units could, or would, be used by the govern-
ment to suppress any revolutionary measures on
the part of the people.

7. Water Ausiliary Police and Fire Unit
(Suijo Keibodan). Nagasaki also had a water
auxiliary police and fire unit which differed from
the ordinary units in its use of fire and rescue
boats in place of motorized pumpers. <A detailed
summary of this unit will be found in another sec-
tion of this report, entitled “Harbor Air-Raid
Protection and Port Security”.

Rural Auxiliary Police and Fire Units

8. Jntroduction. Because of the importance of
these rural units, an investigation was made of
the auxiliary police and fire unit in the village of
Yagami, located approximately seven miles (11.3
kilometers) from the city of Nagasaki, in Naga-
saki Prefecture. It had a population of 7,132
and its main pursuits were agriculture and fish-
ing. The town suffered one small raid on 28 July
1944, when approximately 30 small American
planes dropped sixteen 100-pound high-explosive
bombs, one of which did not explode. There were
no casualties and little damage to houses, except
for some broken windows, Again, only a few
panes of glass were broken by the atomic bomb
explosion over Nagasaki, although the towns:
people saw the flash and heard the explosion.

9. Organization and Operation. The local
police station was a branch of the Nagasaki City

police district. The fire-fighting service was pro-
vided by one auxiliary police and fire unit which
was divided into 8 subunits, with approximately
55 to 60 members in each. These, in turn, were
broken down into two arms:

a. The Fire Arm (Shobobu). The fire arm of
each subunit had 4 squads, each containing from
4 to 18 members. Although the duty of this arm
was primarily fire-fighting, the members were
prepared to join in other duties in the event of
flood, earthquake, or similar calamity.

b. The Guard Arm (Keibibu). This arm was
broken down into 3 squads, 4 to 10 men compris-
ing a single squad:

(1) The Air Defense Squad (Bokuhan), This
squad was responsible for dissemination of all
air-raid warnings, for observation of fires in its
area, and for enforcement of light control.

(2) The Sanitation Squad (Hiseihan). The
duties of this squad comprised first-aid, antigas
protection and decontamination, the welfare of
air-raid sufferers, and the execution of mortuary
services,

(3) The Guard Squad (Keigohan). This squad
was responsible for traffic control, emergency
repair and labor, and other police air-raid fune-
tions.

In time of air raid this unit dispatched equip-
ment and reported incidents in much the same
manner as the city units. At the time of the
“alert”, the leader of the unit, his assistants, and
one messenger from each subunit gathered in the
unit’s headquarters while all other personnel
stood by in their assigned subunit headquarters.
At the time of this report, the rural auxiliary
police and fire units were still intact and prepared
to function in the event of natural calamities,

10. Leaders. a. The leader of the auxiliary
police and fire unit was appointed by the leaders
of the several subunits; his name, in turn, was
submitted through the local police chief to the
governor of the prefecture, from whom he received
his actual commission. His term of office was
indefinite, being in this respect similar to that
of the leader of the units in the city of Nagasaki.
His duties consisted of supervising and coordi-

nating the actions of his unit and he received an
annuity of 35 yen as a token salary from the vil-
lagers.

b. Assistant Leaders. The two assistant lead-
ers were appointed in the same manner as the
leader, for an indefinite term. They received 15
yen per year.

ce. Subunit Leader. This leader was elected
by the members of his subunit for a term of 2
years. It was not necessary that his election be
approved by anyone else. He received a salary of
10 yen per year, and was responsible for executing
the orders of the unit leader as they applied to
his subunit.

d. The Assistant Leader of the Subunit. This
assistant was elected in the same manner as the
leader of the subunit, likewise for a term of 2
years, and at a 10 yen per annum salary. His duties
consisted merely of assisting the subunit leader
and of replacing him in case of his absence.

e. The Arm Leaders. The arm leaders were
elected by members of their own arms for a term
of 2 years. They received no salary.

f. The Assistant Arm Leaders were elected in
the same manner as the arm leaders for the same
term.

11. Equipment. In the Yagami auxiliary
police and fire unit all equipment was distributed
among the subunit headquarters. There was only
one motorized gasoline pumper in the unit. The
fire arms of all the subunits, except the one which
possessed this pumper, were equipped with hand
pumpers.

12. Comments. Organization and training of
the auxiliary police and fire units and subunits in
Nagasaki were similar to those already reported.
They operated satisfactorily in the early raids
and at the time of the dropping of the atomic
bomb on 9 August 1945 they had already assem-
bled upon the sounding of the “alert” signal. Even
though the central units suffered considerable
casualties and loss of equipment they continued
to combat fires, render aid to the suffering and to
perform any service possible with their depleted
forces after the explosion. Their continued activi-
ties at this time reflected creditably on the caliber
and esprit of these units.

NEIGHBORHOOD GROUPS (TONARI GUMI), BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS
(CHOKAI), FEDERATED BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS (RENGO CHOKAIT)

1. Introduction. In the city of Nagasaki the
neighborhood group system was operated much
the same as had been found in other target cities.

In this and previous reports, reference has often
been made by informants to a rural community
association (Burakukai) which replaced the block

association and federated block association in the
village and rural areas. <A brief study of this
organization is also included in this report.

Neighborhood Group (Tonari Gumi)

2. Organization. There were approximately
5,000 neighborhood groups in the city of Nagasaki,
which, during the war, contained approximately
20 families to a single group. In the city of
Nagasaki the term “neighbors’ mutual assistance”
(Rimpo) was used synonymously with neighbor-
hood group. It should be noted that here it was
not a subordinate organization of the neighbor-
hood group, as it was in Kobe.

3. Leaders. The leader of the neighborhood
group was elected by popular acclaim of his con-
stituents. His name was then forwarded to the
mayor of the city through the leader of the block
association (Chokai) for approval. His term of
office was one year and he received no salary. He
had an assistant leader who was selected in the
same manner and for the same term. The duties
of the leader consisted of passing on to the people
of the group all information he had received from
the block association and of promoting the wel-
fare of his people. The leader was charged with
the supervision of air-raid duties within his group
of families, but in case he was unable to fulfill
such duties he would usually appoint his assist-
ant as air-defense leader. If neither of these men
was fit to serve as air-defense leader, a special
air-defense leader was appointed by the group
leader. The duties of the air-defense leader of the
neighborhood group consisted of directing the air-
defense functions of the group.

4. Functions. The normal peacetime duties
of the neighborhood group of Nagasaki were sim-
ilar to those that have been reported in previous
target studies. At the time of an air-raid alert,
the individual families of the neighborhood group
were responsible for seeing that all fire-fighting
buckets and crocks were full of water and that
hand pumps were available. The air-defense
leader had previously designated certain members
of the group to operate the hand pumps, and
others to keep on the lookout for enemy planes,
fire incidents, and violations of light control. He
had appointed messengers, men to take charge of
the ladders, stretcher bearers, and other personnel
to see that buckets and crocks were constantly
filled with water. At the time of the explosion
of the atomic bomb in Nagasaki, the release from

alarm had sounded and the citizens had been re-
turned to a condition of alert; consequently, most
of the people were entirely off guard, especially
as on the previous day they had been kept in a
condition of alert the greater part of the time
without any actual raid developing. After the
explosion, the neighborhood groups moved all
their women, children, aged and infirm to the hills |
as quickly as possible while at the same time
transferring their wounded to higher echelons of
emergency first aid. The neighborhood groups
were still in operation in Nagasaki and were per-
forming their peacetime functions of promoting
savings, of tax collecting, sanitation, rationing,
and communal repair.

Block Association (Chokai)

+. There were 300 block associations in the
city. Before the organization of the block asso-
ciations in April 1989 there existed in Nagasaki,
as previous investigation had shown to exist in
Kobe, an organization called the “sanitation
group” (Eisei Kumiai), which was an extremely
ancient institution. Before its metamorphosis
into block associations it had, in addition to its
sanitary duties, performed functions such as the
collection of taxes, the encouraging of savings,
the operation of rationing, and other duties cur-
rently executed by the block associations. The
block associations of Nagasaki were divided ad-
ministratively into eight sections:

a. Welfare Section (Koseibu). This section
was charged with the duty of visiting sick mem-
bers, of supplying relief to members who were in
want, and of helping jobless members to find em-
ployment.

b. Sanitation Section (Riseibu). Duties of
this section were the observation of general sani-
tary conditions within the association, the preven-
tion of the spread of epidemics, and the preserva-
tion of the general health of the citizens of the
association.

«. Women’s Section (Fujinbu). This section
was concerned with communal gardening by
women, communal care of children whose mothers
were temporarily absent, and supervision of
women’s matters in general.

d. Savings Section (Chochikubu). The duty
of this section was the encouraging of savings.

e. Taxation Section (Nozeibu). City, prefee-
tural and national taxes were collected by this
section for the area of the block association and

were then turned over to a like section in the
federated block association which paid the taxes
to the city office. These taxes were collected first
in the neighborhood group by the neighborhood
group leader.

f. The Soldiers’ Assistance Section (Gaonjin
Bngobu). This section made small articles of
clothing for the comfort of soldiers.

g. The Spiritual and Cultural Section (Shido
Kyokabu). This section handled the ritual of
ceremonies, the training of the people in Japa-
nese culture, and their inculcation with the doc-
trine of Shinto.

h. The Defense Section (Boecibu).
tion was in charge of the enforcing of light con-
trol in the association’s area, the dissemination
of air-vaid signals, the training of the people of
the in air-defense duties, and the
passing on of air-defense information, such as
home fire-fighting methods, to the people. With
the exception of the leader of this section, all the
other section leaders were regular neighborhood
group leaders, The defense section, however,
was composed of a special leader who was a mem-
ber of an auxiliary police and fire unit and who
resided in the association’s area, of an assistant
leader, and of four or five active members who
were also auxiliary police and fire unit mem-
bers. These unit members had a special arrange-
ment with the unit to which they belonged, which
allowed them to stay in the block association’s
area at the time of a raid. The air-defense equip-
ment of the block association consisted of ap-
proximately five hand pumps which supplemented
the pumps which might be possessed by the in-
dividual neighborhood groups, and also stretch-
ers, buckets, and ladders.

This see-

association

Federated Block Association (Rengo Chokai)

25

6. There were federated block associations
in the city of Nagasaki with approximately 20
block associations to each federated block asso-
ciation. The mission of the federated association
was to act as a channel of liaison from higher
organizations (prefecture, city and ward) to
lower echelons (block association and neighbor-
hood group). Its leader was selected by a meet-
ing of the block association leaders in the area,
this selection being approved by the mayor of the
city. Usually the leader of the federated block
association was the leader of a block association
as well. He served a term of 2 years and received

10

no salary. His duties consisted of the super-
vision and operation of the various functions of
the federated block associations, including in-
formation concerning such matters as rationing,
savings, and air-defense procedure, and of pre-
siding at the regular meetings which were usually
held once a month and at the special meetings
which he called whenever he felt they were neces-
sary. He had either one or two assistant leaders
who were selected in the same manner as he, for
a term of 2 years. Administratively, the feder-
ated block association was divided into the same
eight sections which have been previously de-
scribed under “Block Associations”. The leaders
of these eight sections were appointed by the
leader from the ranks of the block association
leaders who formed the body of the federated

block association. An exception was the de-
fense section leader who was the head of a
subunit (Bundan) of an auxiliary police and

fire unit, and who was selected because of his
special training and knowledge in air-defense
functions. the area of the subunit was
usually coterminous with that of a federated
block association, he was the logical head for
supervising the operations of all fire-fighting
the federated block association's

Since

functions in

area.

Rural Community Associations (Burakukai)

7. Introduction. This organization was stud-
ied in the village of Yagami which had a popu-
lation of 7,182 and was located approximately
seven miles northeast of Nagasaki City.

8. Organization. In this rural area there
existed the neighborhood groups as well as these
community associations, but the neighborhood
groups were used chiefly for channeling of instrue-
tions and information to be passed on to the gen-
eral public. This rural community association
had its roots in very ancient times in Japanese
history and had functioned under many names.
There were 22 community associations in the sub-
ject village, each one composed of approximately
three neighborhood groups, and there were ap-
proximately 90 families to each community asso-
ciation. Regular meetings were held once a
month; special meetings, as necessary. The head-
quarters was in some cases in an office and in
other cases in the leader’s house.

9. Leaders, The leader of the rural com-
munity association was selected by popular vote,

each household in'the association’s area voting as
one unit. His name was then automatically ap-
proved by the mayor and forwarded to the gover-
nor of the prefecture, from whom he received his
commission. His term was 1 year and his duties
consisted of the supervision of all the functions of
the associations. There was one assistant leader
appointed in the same manner and for the same
term as the leader.

10. Functions. The usual peacetime duties of
the rural community association consisted of
those which were generally performed in the
cities by the block and federated block associa-
tions, i. e., the supervising of rationing, encour-
aging of savings, and collecting of taxes. Addi-
tional wartime duties consisted of passing on in-
formation to the people, of supervising air-raid
preparations in the individual households, and of
cooperating with the local auxiliary police and
fire unit. At the time of an air raid the only spe-
cial duty of the rural community association was
assuring that every one in the area had received

11

the proper signal. It possessed no fire-fighting
apparatus. The neighborhood group leaders su-
pervised the air-defense operations of the individ-
ual household and was in turn supervised by the
rural community association. This community
organization was still in active operation in
Yagami and was performing its normal peace-
time functions at the time of the investigation.

11. Comments. Neighborhood group officials
interrogated indicated that limited operations on
9 August 1945 continued in spite of the chaos and
pandemonium that existed generally throughout
the area affected by the atomic bomb. Although
many of the neighborhood group members in the
affected area fled the scene, some remained be-
hind, and they, with the assistance of members
from the undamaged sections of the city, concen-
trated their efforts on securing medical attention
for those injured by the blast and in seeking shel-
ter in the hills for those rendered homeless and
those whose instinct was to get as far from the
terrific disaster as they could.

Ill.

ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF

JAPANESE CIVILIAN DEFENSE
AIR RAID WARNING

1. Jntroduction. The study of the Nagasaki
air-raid warning system has turned up several in-
teresting features. Here was discovered, for the
first time in the field investigations, the use of an
early warning signal prior to the “alert” and the
delegation by the Western Army headquarters to
a subordinate military headquarters the authority
to direct air-raid “alarms”. In as much as direc-
tives for announcement of air-warning signals
were received in Nagasaki Prefecture from the
Western Army headquarters in Fukuoka, no in-
vestigation has been made of the sources of de-
tection of enemy aircraft which were available to
that headquarters, but, as in Kobe and Kyoto, the
study of this subject begins at the point where
the army had directed the civilian authorities to
sound the signals, and describes how the munic-
ipal officials passed the warning on to the public.
The jurisdiction of the Western Army for pur-
poses of authorizing air-raid signals covered an
area including all of the Island of Kyushu and
the prefecture of Yamaguchi on the Island of
Honshu—all the territory of the Japanese main-
land to the southwest of that covered by the Cen-
tral Army, except the area of the Sasebo naval
base, in which the navy exercised jurisdiction.

Air-Raid Signals

2. Authority to Announce Public Signals. As
is indicated in the preceding paragraph, the direc-
tion to sound public air-raid warnings, except as
indicated below, came from the Western Army
headquarters in Fukuoka. This headquarters was
the center into which all information of the ap-
proach of enemy aircraft was focused, From early
information the army was able to determine the
possible target of the raiders and to give warning
to the areas concerned. A subordinate unit of the
Western Army, hereinafter referred to as the
Nagasaki Garrison, was stationed in the city, but
it had no independent means for early detection of
enemy raiders, Because of the exposed location of
Nagasaki, and in recognition of the possibility of

12

surprise raids there because of the mechanical
limitations of radar and the time lag in channels
of communication, the Western Army delegated
to the Nagasaki Garrison the authority to sound
the “alarm” upon the appearance of planes, after
the “alert” had been directed by the Western
Army headquarters, or even without the prelim.
inary alert, if the planes had been able to sneak
in without detection. The Nagasaki Garrison was
authorized to direct the sounding of the “alarm”
throughout the area of Nagasaki Prefecture, ex-
cluding the area of the Sasebo naval base (with-
in which the navy assumed the responsibility of
giving warnings), and also the islands of Iki and
Tsushima. Army garrisons in these two islands
were likewise delegated authority to direct the
sounding of the “alarm.” It is to be noted that
these army garrison forces had no independent
means of enemy plane detection which were not
available to the Western Army headquarters.
They were, of course, closer to the coast and could
receive prompt reports of the sighting of enemy
planes; furthermore, they received reports from
radar stations and from air-defense observation
posts at the same time those reports were trans-
mitted to the army headquarters, Other than this
partial delegation of authority among military
authorities, the procedure for giving air-raid
warnings was consistent with the description
heretofore given in other reports, i. ¢., the army
was the judge of the proper time at which public
warnings should be given; civilian officials had no
discretion and were required to give warnings as,
when, and if the army so directed. The orders of
the military within Nagasaki Prefecture were re-
ceived in the air-defense section of the prefectural
government and from there disseminated through-
out the prefecture. In the city of Nagasaki the
army orders were received from ‘three sources:
(1), the prefectural office: (2), the local army
garrison; and (3), a local telephone communica-
tions office which received its information from a
similar communications center in Fukuoka, con-

nected directly with the Western Army headquar.
ters.

3. Types of Signals. The manner by which
the “alert,” “alarm” and “release-from-alarm”
(reversion to “alert” status) were announced, be-
ing nationally prescribed, was the same in Naga-
saki as has been described in previous reports.
The use of the “release-from-alert” (‘“all-clear”),
being left to the discretion of the army headquar-
ters, was not prescribed in the area under the
jurisdiction of the Western Army. There was,
however, an additional signal prescribed by the
Western Army in October 1944 for its own area—
an early warning signal which was sounded even
before the “alert.” This signal was given only by
sirens and was announced by one short blast. The
purpose of this preliminary caution signal was to
warn people to turn on their radios in anticipa-
tion of air-raid announcements and to alert oper-
ators of individually controlled sirens to be pre-
pared in the event directions to sound further
siren warnings were forthcoming. This new sig-
nal was not sounded on the occasion of every
threatened raid but only on those occasions when
warning of the approaching planes was received
in sufficient time to authorize this signal in ad-
vance of the normal time for sounding the “alert”.

4. Methods of Announcing Signals. a.
Sirens in Nagasaki, as in other target cities stud-
ied thus far, were the chief means of announcing
air-raid signals. It is particularly interesting to
note that the 11 sirens by which the city of Naga-
saki was warned were not centrally controlled.
Upon the receipt of air-raid signals, telephone
messages were sent to the sirens located farthest
north and south. As those sirens and the one on
the prefectural building sounded, the other sirens
went into action, either by picking up the sound
of the first sirens, or by being warned over the
telephone from the city office. Such a procedure
for sounding sirens was obviously unsatisfactory :
it gave rise to time lags among the several sirens
and on many occasions the sirens were sounding

Nirens.

different signals. Informant stated that the offi-
cials were fully aware of the inefficiency of the
system and had been trying for some time to se-
cure sufficient materials to place all the sirens un-
der a central control, Another interesting fea-
ture was the fact that the four sirens in the Mit-
subishi plants were an integral part of the siren
coverage of the city, which was considered ade-
quate by the city officials, except possibly in a few
small pockets in the hills. There attached
hereto as Exhibit A a list of the locations of the
11 sirens by which the city was warned and the
accepted range of coverage of each. Reference
Item 2 is a map of the city of Nagasaki showing
the actual location and range of sirens.

b. Radio. Radio announcements of signals

were made by the Western Army headquarters
from which a transmitter broke into the normal
public broadcasts.
Comments. a. Authorization of the “alarm”
signal by the Nagasaki garrison, a unit of the
Western Army, took into consideration the likeli-
hood of sneak attacks, the time lag in receiving
directions from the army headquarters in Fu-
kuoka, and the possible disruption of communi-
vations. This was a worthwhile procedure in
view of the exposed location of Nagasaki. On 9
August, however, the army failed to take advan-
tage of the Hiroshima experience and neglected to
give the public the “alarm” signal.

b. The sounding of the “release-from-alarm”
in Nagasaki at a time when only a few planes had
been flying over the vicinity, might have been
justified in view of the desire to release the area
from an “alarm” status as soon as possible. In
view of the Hiroshima experience 3 days before,
however, it would appear that the army author-
ities should have profited from that experience
and have kept the area under an “alarm” status
regardless of the number of planes observed and
should have advised the public of any experience
gained from the dropping of the atomic bomb on
Hiroshima.

Is

5.

CONTROL CENTERS

1. Introduction. In the investigation of the
organization and operation of control centers in
the Nagasaki plan of civilian defense, little devia-
tion was found from that already reported here-
tofore. Here again, there were two real operating
control centers: first, in point of operation, the

13

control center of the sub-unit (Bundan) of the
auxiliary police and fire unit (Keibodan), and
second, the main control center of the prefectural
police. The auxiliary police and fire unit main-
tained an active headquarters during periods of
air raids for over-all supervision of the operations

of its subunits, but it was from the latter unit
that emergency services were dispatched. For a
complete discussion of the organization and oper-
ation of the auxiliary police and fire unit and its
subunit, see section entitled “Auxiliary Police
and Fire Unit”.

2. Operation. a, Control Center of the Sub-
unit. Reports of all incidents of bombing were
made by the leader of the neighborhood group
(Tonari Gumi) to the headquarters of the sub-
unit. Included in such reports was an indication
of whether or not the incident was of such pro-
portion as to require help from this headquarters.
Two services were available for dispatch here: the
fire arm, and the guard and medical arm. The
leader of the subunit control center then recorded
the location of the incident on an operations map
of the area under his command and dispatched
such services as he deemed necessary. Immediate
reports of the incidents were rendered by the sub-
unit control center to the appropriate unit head-
quarters, from which reinforcements from other
subunits were requested if the incident continued
out of control.

b. Control Center of the Prefectural Police.
Consistent with the uniform plan found in all tar-
vet cities investigated, the main control center
for supervision of all air-raid protection facilities
in the prefecture was organized and operated by
the police division of the prefectural government.
Here was assembled during air raids all official
personnel who might in any way be required to
supervise or assist in operations of services dur-
ing the emergency. Reports of all incidents and
the services dispatched to combat them were re-
ceived at this office and recorded on an operations
map to which all had access.

(1) Services Dispatched Solely From Prefee-
tural Center, In the main, air-raid services
were dispatched from their own operating head-
quarters immediately upon receipt of the report
of an incident, at or before the time reports were
submitted to this headquarters. Other sections
of this report describe the dispatch of emergency
services in the several echelons of air-raid defense
from the neighborhood groups, the block associa-
tions, the subunit of the auxiliary police and fire
units and the municipal fire department. There
were, however, certain services which were as-
sembled during periods of air raid and dispatched
solely from this control center, These services
were:

14

(a) Guard Rescue Unit (Keibitai), Fora
discussion of the organization and its opera-
tion, see section entitled “Rescue”.

(b) Special First-Aid Unit (Tokebetsu
Kyugotai). For a complete discussion of the
organization and operation of this unit, see
emergency Medical Section of this report un-
der subheading “Mortuary Service”.

(c) Telephone Repair Squad. This group
was trained and equipped for emergency re-
pair of telephone lines running to the con-
trol center,

(2) Personnel of the Prefectural Control Cen-
ter. This main control center was located in a
well-constructed concrete shelter in the side of a
hill some distance from the prefectural building.
It consisted of a main operations room which con-
tained the operations map and in which most of
the staff assembled; a room for the private use of
the head of the police division when he was not
on duty in the main operations room; a communi-
cations room in which all messages were received
and dispatched; a room for the governor and his
chief aides; and a small room used as the store
place of the emperor’s photograph. Personnel of
the control center and their duties were as fol-
lows:

Governor, Director and over-all commander of
the control center.

Head of the People’s Affairs Division. Assist-
ant to the governor; supervised living conditions
and political activity of the people and education
within the prefecture.

Head of the First Economic Division. Assist-
ant director; supervised production of food and
agriculture.

Head of the Second Economic Division. <As-
sistant director: supervised production of timber
and operation of small factories and utilities.

Head of the Police Division. Chief of staff and
actual leader of the control center.

Head of Police Affairs and Guard Section,
Matters concerning control and leadership of the
municipal police and fire services and of auxiliary
police and fire units; matters concerning food
supply, salary and vacation of persons necessary
in communication installations and guard duties.

Head of the Secret Police and Foreign See-
tions. Matters concerning the control of propa-
ganda, political situation, and political peace.

Head of Labor and Buildings Section. Mat-
ters concerning emergency repair, emergency
labor, and building material.

Head of the Emergency Welfare Section. Mat-
ters concerning the reception and assistance of
refugees and air-raid sufferers,

Head of Public Works Section. Matters con-
cerning air-defense public works and emergency
repair of roads and bridges.

Head of Information Section.
chief of stalf.

Head of the Air-Defense Section. Matters con-
cerning the control and leadership of fire fighting
and fire prevention; inspection and supervision of
shelters; supervision of air defense and the dis-
semination of air-raid warnings: training and
employment of the guard rescue units; coordina-
tion of air-defense information and reports.

Head of the Beonomic Peace Preservation See-
tion. Matters concerning the emergency distribu-
tion of food stuffs and other material and the con-
tinuation of economic peace.

Head of the Criminal Affairs Section.

Assistant to the

Matters

concerning the identification of corpses and ap-
prehension of war-time criminals.

Matters con-
cerning first-aid, antigas, epidemic prevention,
and water supply.

3. The main in
Nagasaki was the first of any examined, which
was located in a bombproof shelter in the side of
a hill.
duty at the time of the atomic bomb explosion on
9 August 1945, and it is interesting to note that,
although a steel door at the base of a vertical ven-

Head of the Sanitation Section.

Comment. control center

The staff of the control center was on

tilating shaft was blown off its hinges, none of
the staff members was injured by the explosion.
The wisdom of the location of this center was
brought home forcibly to the Nagasaki officials,
for the prefectural building in which the main
control center had been located previously was
totally destroyed.

INCIDENT CONTROL

1. Sequence of Control. The system of inci-
dent control as described in previous field reports
was also practiced in the prefecture of Nagasaki.
To summarize, the householder first combated a
bombing incident, and if it developed, he received
assistance from his neighbors, then from the
neighborhood group (Tonari Gumi) leader, which
was followed by assistance from succeeding high-
er echelons of emergency services. As different
services went into action, the control shifted ac-
cordingly, i. e., the neighborhood group leader
was usually the first incident control officer, and
he might be succeeded by the leader of the fire
squad of the block association (Chokai). Then
in sequence might have come the leader of the de-
fense section (Boiebu), followed by the leader of
the block association. If the auxiliary police and
fire forces became involved, another sequence of
control might have prevailed: first, the squad
leader of the auxiliary police and fire subunit
(Bundan), then the arm leader of the subunit,
followed by the assistant leader of the subunit,
the subunit leader, the assistant leader of the
unit and finally, the unit leader himself. Still
another chain of control might have been involved,
‘should the municipal fire services have been sum-
moned, namely, from the squad leader up through
any superi@rs who might have come to the inci-

15

dent. It should not be inferred, however, that the
sequence was complete in each cycle since, for
example, it was rare for the over-all leaders of
the several services to exercise authority at the
scene of an incident, and often certain of the sery-
ices were not required.

2. Command Precedence,
principle of command sequence de.

above, two collateral principles pre-
vailed: when units of the same echelon were con-
cerned, the senior officer retained control; when
reinforcements from a like service arrived, the
officer of that service already on duty retained
command,

3. Comments. During the investigation in
Nagasaki, the question of possible confusion in
their system of incident control was again posed
to officials experienced with the procedure, They
indicated satisfactory operation during periods
of air raid and found nothing from the atomie-
bombing experience which suggested to them any
need for a change in their procedure, for on the
occasion of the atomic bombing one huge incident
was created and this came immediately under the
control of the prefectural police department, not
passing through the usual steps of succeeding
control of lower echelons.

In addition to the
basic as

scribed

UNEXPLODED BOMBS

1. Introduction. Occasion was afforded at
this target to interrogate a bomb-disposal officer
of the Nagasaki Garrison of the Western Army
to verify the procedure for disposal of unexploded
bombs after the report of the existence of such a
bomb had been received by the military from the
civilian authorities, The precautionary measures
taken by the civilian authorities prior to the
arrival of the army bomb-disposal squad and the
channels of reporting of unexploded bombs have
been previously discussed. No variation therein
was found in Nagasaki.

2. Operation. Two bomb disposal squads were
attached to the Nagasaki Garrison, and one to
each outlying military unit. Reports of unex-
ploded bombs were made by municipal officials to
a designated military organization, from which
the bomb squad was dispatehed. The disposal
squads in this area consisted of four men, all of
whom had been trained in bomb disposal proce-
dure at the Western Army headquarters, These
men actually participated in the handling and
disposition of the bomb; the laboring work was
performed by members of the auxiliary police and
fire units (Keibodan). Upon arrival at the scene
of the incident, the squad first inspected the
bomb or the crater in an effort to determine the

type, size and location of the missile. If this ex-
amination showed the size of the cordonned area
to be insufficient, directions were given to in-
crease its size. If the examination of the bomb
showed it to be a time bomb, regulation required
that it should not be touched for 80 hours, al-
though the period was usually extended to 120
hours. The period of waiting, however, depended
upon the location of the bomb with respect to the
importance of the area in which it was located.
If the bomb were lying adjacent to an important
installation, utility or communication artery, im-
mediate efforts were made for its disposal. Both
time bombs and duds were rendered harmless by
the thermite burning process described in the
Osaka report,

Comment. During 1944 the bomb disposal
squads in this area were kept busy handling smal]
unexploded bombs, described as about six or
seven inches in length and about three inches in
diameter, which were mixed with incendiaries. In-
formant stated that approximately half of these
small bombs failed to explode as well as many in-
cendiaries, separately and in bundles. After 1945,
however, the percentage of unexploded bombs was
considerably very few unexploded
bombs were handled.

»
>.

lower and

FIRE SERVICES

Fire Protection

1. Jntroduction. The information in this re-
port of Nagasaki City was obtained by inter-
views with officials of the fire and water depart-
ments, including the two former fire chiefs; by
checking fire department records; inspecting fire
equipment and the remaining fire stations: in-
specting harbor police boats; and in addition, by
inspecting several types of buildings. (For list of
persons interrogated see Exhibit B.)

2. Nagasaki Prefecture Fire Department NSee-
tion. a. Organization. (1) First Fire Chief.
Prior to 15 January 1948, all fire fighting was
done by the fire fighter group of the auxiliary
police and fire unit (Keibodan). As the result of
a Ministry of Home Affairs law, a full-time fire-
fighting section was established under the protec-
tive guard department (Keibika) of the prefee-
tural police bureau. Y. Ishimatsu, a division

16

police chief, was named the first chief of the fire
department section. <A battalion headquarters
and four substations were established in the city
and six of the oldest auxiliary police and fire
unit pumpers were placed in those stations. The
fire chief was authorized to employ 80. firemen.
After numerous attempts to recruit fire fighters,
28 former auxiliary firemen were employed, but it
was not until November 1943 that this number
The fire chief, never having
had any fire-fighting experience, worked under a
tremendous handicap. The fire-fighting section of
the police protective guard department became a
stepchild in the prefectural government overnight,
No new fire equipment was purchased, and the
auxiliary firemen were noncooperative to the
point of being belligerent. They resented the fire
department as they thought it lowered their pres-
tige in the community to be under the direction

Was increased to 70,

of the fire chief at a fire instead of the police
as they had been before the fire department was
established. The former fire chief stated that
the auxiliary firemen would respond to fire
alarms only when a fire was near a governmental
office or an official’s home. After 11 months sery-
ice, Chief Y. Ishimatsu was ordered by the pre-
fectural governor to resign, but he had sufficient
time in service as a police officer to retire. Short-
ly thereafter he was employed as a fire-fighting
instructor by the Great Japan Air-Defense Asso-
ciation (Dai Nippon Boku Kyokai), a national
organization, City, town and village police offi-
cials, government officials, auxiliary police and
fire unit leaders, and neighborhood groups (To-
nari Gumi) were in attendance at the classes, He
held this position until the end of the war.

(2) Second Fire Chief. H. Yoshii was ap-
pointed fire chief on 19 November 1943, and
served in that position until 16 April 1945 when
he was advanced to police chief of the Hirado di-
vision, located several hours’ distance by train
from Nagasaki. Under Chief Yoshii, the fire de-
partment increased its personnel to 108 by Feb-
ruary 1944, and to 159 in May 1944. Two 350
g. p. m. fire pumps were purchased by the pre-
fectural government and added to the Nagasaki
City fire department. Four of the original six aux-
iliary police and fire pumpers remained in service,
the other two being out of commission, making :
total of six pieces of motorized pumping equip-
ment in the fire department. In May of 1944, the
chief attended a 10-day fire-fighting training
course sponsored by the police bureau of the Min-
istry of Home Affairs in Tokyo. Through the in-
formation he gathered at this training course and
with the aid of a few text books on fire fighting
from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Bureau, he
attempted to train the fire department in the
science of fire fighting. In addition to his regular
fire department training courses, he conducted a
total of 20 half-day lecture and drill sessions for
the auxiliary police and fire units which by this
time had become more cooperative with the fire
department.

(3) Third and Present Fire Chief. On 16
April 1945, S. Fujimoto was appointed fire chief,
a position he held at the time of this report. The
fire department again increased its personnel in
May 1945, to a total of 287 men, the number em-
ployed at the time of the atomie bombing on 9
August 1945. The fire department had 120 firemen
in November 1945; one battalion headquarters,

17

two sub-stations, and a total of eight 350 g. p. m.
pumpers, including the two out of service. One
substation and several auxiliary fire department
pumpers were completely destroyed by the atomic
bomb blast (Reference Item 4), Twelve firemen
were killed outright and 28 seriously injured,
some of whom died later. Three of the injured
firemen resigned and two are still off duty.

b. Working Conditions. The two platoon sys-
tem (24 hours on duty and 24 hours off duty) was
in effect for firemen. Their advancement in rank,
medical aid, and pension benefits, were the same
as in other prefectures. The salary scale was as
follows:

Base Pay

Regular fireman (lowest grade) . 45 yen per month
Regular fireman (2d year) ..55 yen per month
Sergeants 50 yen to 67 yen per month
Two assistant fire inspectors

(not fire prevention men) 65 yen per month
One assistant engine inspector 75 yen per month

One fire inspector (equivalent to
fire captain)

One engine inspector

One fire chief (including house)

yen per month
yen per month
1480 yen per year

ALLOWANCES

In addition to the base pay, they received an
allowance for subsistence, rental, uniforms, apti-
tude, and years of service. The additional pay
was as follows:

Regular fireman
Sergeant

Asst. fire inspector
Asst. engine inspector
Fire inspector
Engine inspector
Fire chief

20 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
..20 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
35 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
35 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
35 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
..85 yen plus 5 yen for each dependent
..100 yen per month

All prefectures paid police and firemen allow-
ances in addition to their base pay.

c. Hire Department Recruits. During the war,
applicants for the fire department were required
to have had 8 years’ schooling and be not less than
5 feet 1 inch tall, and between the ages of 18 and
40 years. It was then planned to raise the mini-
mum entry age to 20 years.

3. Auviliary Firemen. a. Organization. The
firemen of the auxiliary police and fire unit as
previously mentioned were the only fire fighters
in Nagasaki prior to 15 January 1948. In April
1945, there were three auxiliary police and fire
units, Nagasaki, Umegasaki and Inasa, with a
total of 24 sections of fire fighters. The plan

called for a total of 677 men, ranging in numbers
from 24 to 32 men in each section. In actual
operation there was a total of 492 men with 9 to
30 men in each section, (Reference Item 5, Charts
1 and 2.)

b. Duties. After the inauguration of a full-
time fire department section, the duties of the
auxiliary firemen became the same as for any
other auxiliary police and fire unit in the empire,
that of assisting the regular fire department in
extinguishing fire,

ce. Training. It was only during the last year
of the war that the auxiliary firemen were will-
ing to recognize the regular firemen and cooper-
ate with them at fires. This was finally brought
about when the fire chief was called to Tokyo to
attend a 10-day course of training given by the
police bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The auxiliary firemen willingly attended the
classes which he conducted upon his return to
Nagasaki. Prior to that time, the auxiliary fire-
men felt that they were more experienced, better
equipped, and better qualified than the regular
fire department. It was probably true that the
leaders of the original auxiliary police and fire
units were more experienced than the chief even
after he attended the school, and their equipment
was as good. (Photo 6) Some of these men had
been a part of the only fire-fighting units in Naga-
saki for many years, and the fire chief was just
another police officer heading up a new fire depart-
ment.

d. Hquipment. In April 1945 the auxiliary
police and fire units had in service 20 motorized
pumpers rated at 350 g. p. m.:; 53 gasoline-oper-
ated 120 g. p.m. hand-drawn pumps; and 12 hand
pumps 30 to 50 g. p. m. capacity. All of this
equipment was equally distributed in the three
districts depending on their size. (Reference Item
5, Chart 4.) Four of the 350 g. p. m. pumps, eight
120 g. p.m. pumps, and four 30 to 40 g. p. m. hand
pumps were destroyed by the atomic bomb. (Refer-
ence Item 5, Chart 5.) Three motorized 350 ¢. p.m.
pumps formerly operated by the auxiliary fire-
men had been recently taken over by the American
occupation forces for the protection of stores and
barracks buildings.

e. Affiliates. Block associations (Chonaikai)
furnished the auxiliary police and fire units with
additional fire-fighting equipment, including 287
small hand pumps, 320 sections of 14-inch linen
hose, and 274 quarter-inch nozzle tips. (Reference
Item 5, Chart 6.)

18

t. Private Fire Brigades. The Mitsubishi ship-
building yard maintained 70 full-time firemen and
numerous auxiliaries which are covered in detail
in this report under “Air-Raid Protection of Fac-
tories”. The Nagasaki fire chief stated that owing
to the newness and inexperience of his department
very little assistance was given plants in training
their fire-fighting personnel. He stated, however,
that on two or three occasions his men visited the
shipyard and drilled with the plant firemen. The
Mitsubishi shipyard fire brigade was hindered
from fighting fires in the city, which were caused
by the atomic bomb, owing to obstructed roads
in the plant area.

g. Harbor Auriliary Police and Fire Unit
(Suijo Keobodan). The water police department
maintained two harbor patrol boats which were
equipped for fire fighting: one had twin screws,
driven by two Script motors and one of these
motors could be used to operate a 500 g. p. m.
pump. The other boat had a 350 g. p. m. pump
driven by a Ford V-8 engine and propelled by a
6-cylinder Diesel engine (Photos 7-8). Each boat
was manned by three police officers, assisted by
auxiliary firemen, Three additional small boats
of 350 g. p.m. capacity were maintained by the
harbor auxiliary police and fire units. Two of
these auxiliary fireboats were sunk by the atomic
bomb blast. The third was in poor condition and
of little value. The larger of the two police fire-
boats was also out of commission. A total of 80
men were members of the harbor auxiliary police
and fire unit, and the fire department had no
authority over them or the fireboats. The fire
chief stated that these boats had been of little
value in fighting fires along the water front and
in the harbor. He added that on one occasion
they attempted to assist the fire department in
controlling a fire in several houses along the shore,
but it was the land companies that actually ex-
tinguished the blaze. On another occasion the
fireboat auxiliary crews fought a fire for 2 days
on a 600-ton wooden vessel in drydock, and the
ship was a total loss. Two small boats with fire
pumps were furnished by private companies in
the shipyard area and were manned by auniliary
police and fire units. (For details see report on

“Harbor Air-Raid Protection and Port Secur-
ity”.)
4. Fire Stations. a. Number Prior to and

During War. There were no fire stations except
auxiliary police and fire unit houses prior to 15
January 1945. On that date a headquarters sta-

tion and four substations were established. The
stations were known as headquarters battalion
station, and Matsugae, Maruo, Inasa, and Ohashi
substations (Photos 9-14). Inasa substation was
destroyed by a high explosive on 1 August 1945,
and Ohashi substation was destroyed by the
atomic bomb blast; all the other stations had their
windows, doors, ceilings, and roofs damaged. Fire-
men at the time of the survey were in the process
of repairing the damage to these buildings. The
two substations destroyed were equipped only
with auxiliary police and fire pumpers.

5. Fire Equipment. a. Motorized Equipment.
On 15 January 1943, six of the auxiliary police
and fire unit’s oldest pumps were assigned to the
newly organized full-time fire department. The
plan in April 1945 was to increase the fire depart-
ment’s equipment to 16 motorized 350 g. p. m.

pumps and 11 hand-drawn gasoline-driven 120

g. p.m. pumps. This plan was to be effected by
borrowing pumps from prefectural village and
town volunteer fire departments. However, only
one pump of each size was acquired from a neigh-
boring community. Currently, the fire depart-
ment had six pumps in commission and two out of
service as none was lost in air raids or by the
atomic bomb. All fire equipment lost was aux-
iliary police and fire unit apparatus (Reference
Item 5, Chart 5).

b. Maintenance of Fire Apparatus. There was
no central repair shop for fire equipment, The
municipal government paid for replacement parts
on auxiliary police and fire equipment, and repair
Their tech-
nical knowledge was poor, and consequently, the

work was done by auxiliary firemen,

maintenance of fire equipment was not good. The
fire department apparatus was repaired by auto
mechanics in garages of the city and paid for by

Photo 6.

An auxiliary police and fire unit (Keibodan) station and one of its 20 pumpers of 350 g. p. m. size. Above station

is the first section of the Nagasaki Keibodan.

the prefectural government. All motorized equip-
ment was in poor condition and replacement parts
were difficult to procure.

ce. Fire Hose. Each of the 6 pumps was
equipped with 10 sections (65.5 feet per section)
of unlined linen 24-inch hose, with an equal num-
ber of sections in reserve. Hose reel carts were
not carried on the hose beds as was the practice
in other Japanese cities. Sections were rolled
separately, not coupled together, and stacked on
the apparatus. The only appliances and_ tools
carried on the fire pumpers consisted of a 4-inch
and a 2%-inch hard suction hose for drafting,
a nozzle with Y-inch tip, a pike pole (fire hook),
an axe and a shovel, and a 24-inch riser pipe, 3
feet high, for connecting to flush-type hydrants
(Reference Item 5, Chart 3).

6. Training of Firemen. a. Training School.
Firemen recruits were given 2 months’ training
at the prefectural police and fire training school
before being assigned to a fire station. Appar-
ently it was a case of the blind leading the blind,
as no experienced fire fighters were among the
newly organized fire-fighting personnel. Text
books procured through the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Bureau were used as a guide for the in-
struction given. The chief stated that lectures
were given on fire-fighting theory and bravery
(duty) in fire fighting; practical drills in pump
operation; laying of hose lines; and training in
military discipline and military drills.

b. Fire Station Drills. The chief stated that
practical drills were conducted at least once each
month in simulating actual conditions, which was

Photo 7. The two boats in center of picture with bows forward, the one on left having white hull, and one on right having
smokestack, are the water police patrol boats. These boats were completely hemmed in by other small craft and it took
6 minutes for the boat on the right (outboard) to get under way.

20

done by building fires in remote spots and having
firemen extinguish them. He added that daily
drills were conducted in spotting pumps and lay-
ing hose lines. Conservation of water was neces-
sary, so that the drills had to be dry runs. Gaso-
line was also rationed, 5 gallons to each pumper,
and long drill periods were not permitted,

7. Fire Alarm System. The telephone and one
watch tower were the only means of transmitting
fire alarms. A person in reporting a fire by phone
lifted the receiver and yelled, “Fire, fire!” to the
operator. The phone operator, in turn, called the
headquarters station where all fires were reported.
Direct telephone lines from headquarters to the
4 substations were used by the fireman on phone
The watch tower
located on top of the city hall was manned by
headquarters firemen who changed watch every
hour (Photo 15). A direct telephone from the
watch tower to headquarters station a short dis-

watch in relaying fire alarms,

tance away was used in reporting fires spotted
from this vantage point. Although only two-
thirds of the city could be seen from this tower,
the chief stated that 90 per cent of all fires were
reported by it. The total fire alarms in Naga-
saki from 1948 to October 1945, other than those
caused by air raids, were as follows:

Year Houses Ships Forest Loss
(acres) |
1943... Jen . 7 1 21-35. 28 | Yen 579, 147
1944 . - 45 5 8-31.36 | 2,098,072
1945 to October 35 1 2-2,69 | 316,023

8. Water System. a. Source of Water. Naga-
saki water was supplied from many small streams
that flowed into five holding reservoirs, located
in the low mountains surrounding the city, <All
reservoirs were within a mile of the built-up sub-
urbs of the city. (Reference Item 6.) The Ura-

Photo 8. One of the two water police patrol boats, each equipped with a fire pump. Illustration shows two one-half-inch
and one three-quarter-inch streams from a 350 g. p. m. pump driven by a Ford V-8 motor.

kami reservoir was located about one-half mile
north of the Mitsubishi Ordnance plant, 130 feet
above sea level. It was the only one of the 5
reservoirs that did not flow into the distribution
system by gravity. Below the dam of this reser-
voir was the Oide pumping station, equipped with
3 electrically driven pumps, where water was
pumped from an underground river and the Ura-
kami reservoir to the distribution system. The
atomic bomb destroyed the power lines to these
pumps, thereby putting this source of water out
of service. The Mishiyama reservoir was north-
east of the city and at an elevation of 270 feet.
The Honogochi high and low reservoirs were east
of the business district, and the Kogakura, high-
est of the 5 reservoirs, was south of the city at

an elevation of 300 feet. Nagasaki used about

The supply
was adequate except for an occasional dry spell

9,868,000 gallons of water per day.

which occurred only once in 2 or 3 years, and
then water was rationed. The normal dry sea
sons were January to February and August to
September. (Reference Item 3.)

b. Water Mains. The water mains from the
fire reservoirs were 14-inch to 28-inch cast iron
pipe and they fed a grid distribution system com
posed of cast-iron pipe 24% to 12 inches in diam-
eter. There were many dead ends in the outlying
districts, but the system was well looped and
cross connected in the congested area, and was

The high-
explosive raids damaged one 21-inch, four 4-inch,

well supplied with isolation valves,

six 6-inch, four 8-inch, and one 12-inch fire mains.
All of these mains were repaired within 48 hours.

Photo 9.

Nagasaki fire department headquarters building. No space provided to house fire equipment. Partially damaged

by atomic bomb, 9 August 1945.

9»

There were three 4-inch, six 6-inch, two 12-inch
and one 28-inch known breaks in water mains
caused by the atomic bomb, and water had not
been restored to an entire section of the city at
The chief of the water
department stated that he expected to find hun
dreds of other breaks when water was restored
to that part of the city.
ce. Hydrants.
private fire hydrants in the city, about 80 per
cent being of the flush type and 20 per cent of the
post type. All were single 24-inch hydrants with
They
were located 110 yards apart in the congested
areas and up to 250 yards apart in the suburban
areas.
was maintained on these hydrants depending on
the elevation.
sible for flushing the hydrants and the water

the time of the survey.

There were 611 public and 150

the Japanese standard snap connection.

Twenty to seventy-five pound pressure

The fire department was respon-

department was responsible for the repairs, but
there was no regular schedule set up for either
flushing or maintenance.

d. Wells. There were approximately 10,000
wells in the city, that averaged 8 feet in diameter
and had a water level from 5 to 20 feet. Many of
these wells could have been used for fire fighting,
but no survey had been made to determine where
drafting could be done.

e. Other Sources of Water, Seven covered

underground emergency tanks of 27,500-gallon
capacity important public
buildings. There were also 100 open emergency
tanks of 10,500 to 27,500-gallon capacity and ap-
proximately 800 smaller emergency tanks with

were located near

varying capacities below 10,000 gallons. (Refer
ence Item 7.)
lined them with plaster; other families bought
the standard rectangular concrete 40- to T0-gallon

Many families dug small pits and

Photo 10.

Permanent sheds for housing fire equipment, located directly across the street from fire headquarters building.

All these tanks were filled from fire mains
(Photo 16.) The fire
department made a survey of the locations along

tanks,
and used for fire fighting.

the river and water front where emergency water
for fire fighting could be drafted (Reference Item
4). Some of the larger factories had large tanks
for fire fighting in their own plants.

9. Operations Under Air-Raid Conditions. As
has been stated previously, the prefectural fire
department in Nagasaki was not organized until
1943, and
thereafter existed between it and the members of
The first air
raid of 11 August 1944, when both high-explosive

15 January considerable dissension

the auxiliary police and fire unit.

and incendiary bombs were dropped, caused the
fire-fighting units to forget their differences. and
to work together. The next air raid came 26 April
1945, which was followed by additional bombings
on 27, 29, 30 and 31 July and 1 August 1945. All

bombs dropped in these raids were high-explosive
and the few fires caused by them were quickly
extinguished by the fire department and the aux
iliary police and fire units,

10. Comments—Nagasaki Atomic Bombing of
9 August 1945. The fires following the atomic
bombing of Nagasaki spread in all directions from
the blasted area, The instantaneous heat wave
preceding the blast burned people and scorched
wood surfaces, particularly telephone and power
poles on the exposed side, for a distance of 2.6
miles in all directions from the zero point. Many
wood-frame buildings within the area were com-
pletely destroyed by the blast but showed no
signs of destruction by fire. Most of the fires
caused by the atomic bomb were probably of sec-
ondary nature. The flimsy and highly inflam
mable materials that might have been ignited by

radiation from the bomb explosions did not burn

Photo 11.

Matsugae Substation. Partially damaged by atomic bomb of 9 August 1945.

because the fire was probably snuffed out by the
blast which immediately followed. Fire fighters
made no attempt to enter the destroyed areas,
owing to the turmoil and confusion within the
city, and by the time uninjured fire fighters re-
gained kindled in
blasted buildings and were racing in all direc-
tions. At the very height of the fire the wind
reversed its direction and fanned the flames back
toward the burned-over area.

their composure, fires had

The temporary pre-
fectural building and homes on the north side of
the national highway were thus saved from burn-
ing. One fire station was completely destroyed
by the bomb blast, and the remaining four sta-
tions had their windows, doors, ceilings and roofs
damaged. Twelve firemen were killed outright by
the atomic bomb and 28 were seriously injured,
some of whom died later. In spite of the receipt
of intelligence of the atomic bombing of Hiro-

shima 3 days before, no consideration was given
by the Nagasaki fire officials to withdrawal of fire
equipment to the perimeter of vital areas, upon
receipt of air-raid warning, or to any other change
in their existing plans.

Fire Prevention

11. Operation. No organized fire-prevention
bureau existed in Nagasaki Prefecture. The fire
chief stated that occasionally firemen were de-
tailed from fire stations to inspect fire hydrants,
noting particularly whether they were obstructed
or leaking: to make notes of closed roads and of
burning of rubbish in dangerous areas; and to
The few

existing fire prevention laws were the same as in

check short smokestacks on bath houses.
other prefectures. They were broad in nature and
were police regulations as promulgated by the
Ministry of Home Affairs’ Office.

Photo 12.

Maruo Substation. Partially damaged by atomic bomb, 9 August 1945.

12. Building Regulations. The building regu
lations for all provinces of Japan were the same.
Nagasaki had its narrow streets and congested
areas as did other Japanese cities. In the ter-
raced mountains surrounding the city, buildings,
mostly farm houses, were not so closely bunched
as were the homes and shops in other portions of
the city.

ings 3 stories in height.

There were 40 to 50 semimodern build-

General

13. Mutual Aid,
volunteer fire departments of neighboring villages

A plan was set up whereby

were to assist Nagasaki in the event of large fires.

however, offered in
fire fighting immediately following the atomic
Prior to that
ance had been needed.
14. On four occasions in Naga-
saki City, beginning in November 1944, buildings

No outside assistance, was

bombing. time no mutual assist-
lire Barriers.
were demolished to create firebreaks for the pro-

vital installations. A total of 8,929
buildings valued at 39,271,838 yen were removed

tection of
(Reference Items 8 and 9). The greatest demoli-
tion occurred along the north boundary of the
Mitsubishi shipbuilding yard where 6,926 build-
ings valued at 3.706.138 ven were removed. These
the fires which fol-
lowed the atomic bomb blast.

firebreaks did not diminish

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES

the
classification of related subjects is followed

1. Introduction. In this report

as in

same

previous reports, viz, emergency medical service
(Kyugotia), mortuary service (Shitai Shori Ka-

Photo 13.

Inasa Substation, made untenantable by a high-explosive bomb on 1 August 1945. No fire equipment or men

were lost in this station

kari), and Red Cross activities (Sekujigi Jigyo).
The emergency medical service includes first-aid
services and hospital services. Although the plan
of organization and procedure in carrying out
the functions of these several services are similar
and, in many instances, identical with those
found in previous surveys, local differences have
been observed as will be shown in the reports
which follow. Among other things, the atomic
bomb demonstrated the weaknesses of plans that
were based on ordinary air-raids.

Emergency Medical Service

2. Organization. The emergency medical serv

ice of Nagasaki was organized on a combined
municipal-prefecture plan. At the prefectural
level, the service was under the authority of the
health section (Eiseika), in conjunction with the

police department (Keisatshubu), while at the
municipal level the service was under the au-
thority of the health section, a subsidiary of the
The chief of the

prefectural health section was in over-all charge

welfare department (Koseibu).

of the service and his orders and directives were
issued to the municipal health chief through the
police department. In the air-defense medical
set-up, all doctors, dentists, nurses, midwives and
pharmacists were organized into their respective
associations and assigned specific duties in the
medical installations that were created, These in-
stallations included first-aid stations (Kyugo Sho),
reserve first-aid stations (Yobi Kyugo Sho), ma
ternity first-aid stations (Josan Kyugo Sho), mo-
bile squads (Idohan), first-aid hospitals (Kyugo
Byoin), and special first-aid hospitals (Tokushu
Kyugo Byoin). Volunteer workers in the neigh-
borhood groups (Tonari Gumi) and in the aux-

Photo 14. Ohashi Substation, completely damaged by atomic bomb. Nine firemen, the entire complement of this station,
were killed.

13677 AT — 3

bo

Photo 15. Fire watchtower, Nagasaki City Hall.

28

iliary police and fire units (Keibodan) were or
ganized into first-aid squads (Kyugohan). School
patriotic groups (Gakko Hokoku Tai) which con-
sisted principally of school girls who had received
first-aid instructions, were organized to assist in
caring for and treating air-raid casualties.

3. First-Aid Service. a. On-the-Spot Treat
ment. Volunteer workers from the neighborhood

groups, members of the first-aid squads of the
auxiliary police and fire units, and members of
the school patriotic groups would go to the scene
of disaster and give on-the-spot treatment to cas
ualties. This treatment consisted principally of
elementary first-aid measures such as bandaging,
splinting, artificial respiration and stoppage of
hemorrhage, Casualties, as found, were separated

into the various categories of injuries and either

Photo 16.

sent to their homes, to first-aid stations, or di
Patients who
were able to walk to the first-aid stations did so
but those who were seriously injured and unable
to walk were carried on litters or on the backs of
rescuers to the first-aid stations or hospitals by

rectly to the first-aid hospitals.

the above-mentioned personnel.
b. First-Aid Stations. first-aid
stations in Nagasaki, located in doctors’ homes or

There were
in public elementary school buildings. The exact
locations of the first-aid stations were listed and
placed on the neighborhood group bulletin boards.
Insofar as possible, the first-aid stations were lo-
cated in close proximity to the first-aid hospitals.
There were 6 first-aid stations that were specially
constructed in accordance with
the

Ministry of

specifications

sent to prefectural health section from the

Home Affairs in Tokyo. These sta

Small water tanks for fire fighting, made of dirt and plaster, built by some families. Concrete water receptacles,

40 to 70-gallon size, may be seen in background.

29

tions were located in the basements of public
school buildings and were constructed of rein-
forced concrete. There was a special steel door at
the entrance which was supposed to prevent
poisonous gases from penetrating the building,
but these stations were not gas-proof, because
there was no ventilating system whatsoever in
any part of the station. (“Gas Protection Sery
ice”)

When
an airraid alert was given, personnel reported to

(1) Personnel in First-Aid Stations.

On the aver
age, depending upon the population of the district

their preassigned location for duty.
served, there were 3 doctors, 2 dentists, 1 pharma-
cist, and 10 nurses in each station.

(2) Rquipment of First-Aid Stations. Equip
ment consisted principally of gauze bandages,
cotton, disinfectants, splints, heart and respira

tory stimulants, and a few drugs, especially those
used in the treatment of burns. There were no
sulfa drugs and only small amounts of anti
tetanus serum. The shortage of drugs consti-
tuted one of the most serious problems. Surgical

instruments were not furnished as standard
equipment, but were brought to the stations by
the physicians assigned there for duty. Surgical
instruments and equipment used in giving blood
transfusions were sterilized either by pan boiling
or by using a-small, wood-heated sterilizer that
was furnished by the city. There were no beds in
the first-aid stations and casualties awaiting
treatment were placed on mats (Tatami) or on
the floor.

«. Reserve lirst-Aid Stations. There were 5
reserve first-aid stations in Nagasaki City, all lo-

cated in public elementary school buildings. These

Photo 17. View of Nagasaki City, looking north from fire watchtower, located on top of city hall. This area was shielded
from the atomic bomb blast by the hill in the background. Typical of congested areas.

stations were used only in the event the regular
first-aid stations were over-loaded with air-raid
casualties. There was no specified number of doc
tors, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists assigned
to these stations, the required number being
drafted from the first-aid stations far removed
from the site of damage or from first-aid stations
where there were only a few casualties.

d. Maternity First-Aid Stations were appar
ently nothing more than first-aid stations set up
in the three infant and maternity clinics in Nagi
saki City, to which midwives and nurses were as
signed during airraid alerts. A special duty of
the personnel assigned to these stations was to
assist women in childbirth, who had been ren
dered homeless as a result of the air raids.

e. Mobile Squads. During air-raid alerts the

chief of the prefectural health section was located
in the air-defense control center which was main
tained by the police department. On call from
the health section chief were two “mobile” squads
of doctors, dentists, nurses, midwives and phar
macists, who were on an alert status at all times
to go to any part of the city and give medical as
sistance or give relief to overworked medical per
sonnel. The term “mobile squads” is a misnomer,
because there was no special mobile equipment
owned or operated by these groups. The squads
were in reality reserve personnel who were called
out only if they were absolutely needed,

3. Hospital Service. Air-raid casualties who
required hospitalization were either sent directly
from the scene or from the first-aid stations to the

first-aid hospitals. If some specialized form of

Photo 18. A congested section in Nagasaki (Inasa area). Streets are inaccessible to fire equipment and fire fighting is done
by “bucket brigades.”

treatment was necessary, such as major surgery,
or, if a long period of hospitalization was neces-
sary, casualties were taken to the special first-aid
hospitals. Within the city of Nagasaki there
were 18 hospitals, with a total bed capacity of
1,240; 13 of the hospitals being designated by the
health authorities as first-aid hospitals, and 5 as
special first-aid hospitals.

a. Air-Raid Protection in Hospitals. During
air-raid alerts, all ambulatory patients went di-
rectly to preassigned locations, either into the base-
ment of the building or into dugout shelters on
the premises outside the building. Bed patients
were carried on stretchers to the shelters or to
the center of the lower floors of the building.
Blackouts were enforced during air-raid alarms
and strategie points in the hospitals (such as
operating and X-ray rooms) were equipped with
special blackout curtains.

4. Transportation of Casualties. A motor
transportation pool was maintained by the mu-
nicipal government for the transportation of air-
raid casualties from the scene of disaster to the
first-aid stations and hospitals. During air-raid
alerts, the chief of the transportation section
was located in the air-defense control center, and
upon request from the chief of the health section,
dispatched vehicles to the desired location. This
system was not satisfactory after heavy air at-
tacks, because the streets and roads in the bombed
area were often made impassable by fires, debris,
and refugees.

5. Medical Training. As in the previous cities
surveyed, a delegation of physicians was sent to
the army medical school in Tokyo for a refresher
course in emergency first-aid measures. Upon
their return from Tokyo, members of this delega-
tion gave a required series of lectures to all doc-
tors, dentists, nurses, midwives and pharmacists.
The physicians then gave lectures and practical
demonstrations to block association and neigh-
borhood group leaders. The neighborhood group
leaders gave a series of lectures to the members
of their groups. Professors from the Nagasaki
Prefecture medical school gave lectures on ele-
mentary first-aid procedures to the people through
block association channels and to the members of
the first-aid squads of the auxiliary police and
fire units. The press played a small part on the
dissemination of medical information to the peo-
ple by printing popular articles on air-raid experi-
ences in other localities, but did not publish any
articles on specific technical subjects. The radio was

not used as a means of disseminating medical in-
formation to the people because it was believed by
the authorities that it would be too difficult to pre-
sent even elementary first-aid instruction in that
manner. Printed pamphlets on first-aid measures
were not distributed to the general public.

6. Medical Supplies. The distribution of med-
ical supplies was essentially the same as that
found in the previous cities surveyed. The ma-
jority of the drugs and medical equipment was
taken over by the army and navy for their exclu-
sive use, and only small quantities were available
for civilian use.

7. Special Comments on Atomic Bomb Raid,
Because of the small number of casualties encoun-
tered in the several air raids prior to the atomic
bomb raid, the medical set-up was adequate, but
as a result of the atomic bomb, the medical service
was virtually disrupted.

a. The number of fatalities is discussed under
“Mortuary Service”. The figures relating to non-
fatal casualties are even more problematical than
those for the dead. Moreover, there is no clear line
of demarkation between them since many who
were treated in the first-aid stations and hospitals
subsequently died and were listed as fatalities.
According to official figures, 30.460 atomic bomb
raid casualties were treated at the first-aid sta-
tions and hospitals. It is certain that this figure
does not represent the total number of casualties
because many thousands fled the city unassisted
to surrounding cities, villages, towns and rural
area. <All informants concerned with first-aid
work expressed the conviction that the number of
injured ran far in excess of the above figures and
estimated the number of casualties to range from
45,000 to 60,000.

b. The exact number of injured is not a matter
of great moment, but a rough approximation is
essential to indicate the vastness of the problem
placed almost instantaneously upon the medical or-
ganizations. Along with the destruction of vir-
tually every building within the effective range of
the atomic bomb, all first-aid stations, and most
of the first-aid personnel in that area were lost,
thereby increasing the load upon the remaining
first-aid facilities. The first-aid stations were re-
duced from 25 to 10 and the first-aid hospitals
from 18 to 5, with a reduction of bed capacity
from 1,240 to 240. The number of doctors and
nurses who were lost was unobtainable, but at
the present time there are only approximately 120
doctors and 683 nurses. For a city the size of

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33

Nagasaki, the prewar figures for those two pro-
fessions should have been at least 50 percent to
75 percent greater. To assist in the crisis, doc-
tors and nurses came in from neighboring cities
and villages. <A large naval hospital, with a bed
‘apacity of 1,683 was opened to atomic bomb suf-
ferers. Without help from those sources, the first-
aid organization would have been completely over-
whelmed.

ce. Negative answers were received from in-
formants who were asked whether or not many
persons died from lack of medical attention. The
explanation was that most of those who died
were killed immediately, That, however, does not
check with the evidence that possibly as many as
20,000 died over a period of weeks following the
atomic bomb raid. Moreover, the physical condi-
tion of the streets and the inevitable confusion re-
sulting from such a
mountable obstacles in the way of transporting
the injured to places where they could receive
medical attention. The conclusion is, therefore,
inescapable that many persons did die from lack
of medical care.

d. Some interesting accounts of the delayed
effects of the atomic bomb were obtained, The in
formant, who was an experienced physician and
an intelligent observer, and who had occupied the
position of director of the prefectural health see-
tion for the previous 5 years, cited two classes of
effects that were commonly noted: first, that
among the survivors of the atomic bomb raid,
there were many who developed symptoms of
diarrhea with greenish stools and fever which
could not be controlled, with death following in
8 to 10 days; second, those who developed a gen-
eralized petechial eruption (purpura hemor-
rhagica) and fever, and died within 14 days. The
most frequent symptom noted in those exposed to
atomic bomb radiation but who did not die was
the loss of hair. That was regarded as the mild-
est of the demonstrable radiation effects. Other
‘adiation effects in the period shortly after the
bomb explosion were cited. Members of rescue
squads who worked in the ruins but who had not
been exposed to the bomb developed diarrhea and
falling of the hair, but none of them died. As an
illustration of the intense direct heat generated
by the bomb, a small boy was observed who had

‘atastrophe placed insur:

suffered a severe third-degree burn and loss of
hair on the side of his head which had been ex-
posed to the bomb. When he sustained this injury

34

he was playing in the open at least 14% miles away
from the recognized center of the bomb blast.

Red Cross Activities

8s. Introduction, The present director of the
Red Cross in Nagasaki Prefecture had been in
office less than 1 year. The director received his
position through nomination by the prefeetural
governor and appointment by the national head-
quarters of the Red Cross in Tokyo. Informa.
tion received in other survey cities has specified
in one instance that the Red Cross director was
appointed by the prefectural governor, and in an-
other that he was appointed by the national head-
quarters. The plan employed in Nagasaki Pre-
fecture showed participation of both the prefee-
tural governor and the Tokyo headquarters of the
Red Cross in making the appointment, and per-
haps more precisely represented the general
policy in appointment of prefectural directors.
The director had no specified term of office and
was subject to removal at any time at the pleas-
ure of the national headquarters,

9. Functions. a. The wartime service of the
Red Cross was centered principally upon the re-
cruitment and training of nurses for duty with
the armed forces. Since the Nagasaki branch had
no hospital, the nurses from the prefecture were
sent to Osaka for training, the expenses for the
training program being borne by the Nagasaki
branch. In all, approximately 100 “A’-class
nurses, and 100 “B’-class nurses from this juris-
diction were trained in that way during the war,
and the majority of them went into the military
service. Briefly, the distinction between “A” and
“BY” classes is that the former are high school
graduates and receive 3 years of training, while
the latter are accepted from grade schools and
are given 2 years of training. There were also 3
groups of graduate nurses, with 70 in each group,
recruited from the hospitals within the prefecture
and sent, at the expense of the Nagasaki Red
Cross branch, to Osaka for a short indoctrination
course before entering the military service. As
long as nurses were serving on the mainland of
Japan they were paid by the Red Cross, but those
with the military forces overseas were paid by the
military arm to which they were attached.

b. The recruitment of doctors received little
or no emphasis on the part of the Red Cross.
There were only three doctors employed by it dur-
ing the war and they were paid on a part-time

basis. The rest of the time they were employed
and paid by the University medical school.

ce. Training of the civilian public was ap-
proached through young people’s groups and
through women’s organizations. The training
given in the former instance was along ethical and
altruistic lines and was called training in “hu-
manity,” whereby the children were taught to
help one another without prejudice as to social
status. The women’s organizations were, how-
ever, given technical training in the application
of first-aid measures. There were no qualitfica-
tions for membership in the women’s organiza-
tions other than the desire to join and receive the
instructions, and no fees were charged. In this
program, the Red Cross was assisted by doctors
from the university medical school. The training
was oral and consisted of lectures and demon-
strations without a manual for reference or guid-
ance. The course was obviously superficial and
nonstandardized since it was given only once or
twice each year in one-day sessions. No exam-
inations were given and no certificates were
awarded, The first-aid pamphlet, which had been
the basis for first-aid instruction to the public
commonly found in the other localities, was not
used in this city.

d, Supplementing the governmental health
program was the most important activity of the
Red Cross in peacetime. Special emphasis was
placed upon infant and maternal hygiene and
care, and “examination of public patients” which
latter term is understood to mean the examina-
tion of adults primarily for evidences of tuber
culosis. A corps of nurses (number unspecified)
and one doctor were employed by the Red Cross
to carry on work on an itinerant basis where
nurses and doctors were scarce or lacking. Va-
tients paid for this service if they were financially
able. During the war, however, this program was
discontinued due to the shortage of doctors and
nurses. In lieu of that work the Red Cross shifted
its attention to assistance of the community first-
aid program. Upon request from the prefecture,
the Red Cross assigned 49 nurses, and 119 student
nurses to assist in first-aid stations.

10. Hospitals and First-Aid Stations. Where-
as the operation of Red Cross hospitals had been
the outstanding feature of the Red Cross pro-
gram in other localities thus far surveyed, the
Nagasaki branch of the Red Cross did not own or
operate a hospital, nor did it maintain any first-
aid stations. A general clinic was, however, main-

35

tained at the Red Cross administration headquar-
ters, both before and during the war. Formerly,
one full-time doctor employed by the Red Cross
had carried on this clinie in addition to giving
medical service to localities without medical care.
When this doctor was taken into the army, he
was replaced by three doctors from the university
medical school, who were employed on a part-time
The clinic was then departmentalized
along three main lines: (1) diseases of the eye,
ear, nose and throat; (2) internal diseases; and
(3) infant and maternal care.

11. Personnel. The administrative group con-
sisted of 10 employees in addition to the director.
There were 301 nurses trained by the Red Cross
who were still in the 5-year service period. When-
trained by the Red Cross, the nurses had to serve
for 5 years under Red Cross direction and super:
vision. What correlation there may be between
this figure and those given for the training of
class “A” and “B” nurses was not made clear.

12. Finance. There were three classes of mem-
bership, each of which was calculated on a paid-
up lifetime basis, with the exception of the low-
est grade which might be paid at the rate of 3 yen
per year for 10 years in lieu of a lump sum pay-
ment of 25 yen. The next grade was an honorary
membership, obtained by payment of 200 to 1,000
yen, and next, a super-honorary membership by
payment of 1,000 yen and up. In Nagasaki Prefee-

basis.

ture the memberships were distributed as fol

lows:

Ordinary 6,806

Honorary .... 1,330

Supemhonorarys 2555 9s o5 eee sci Bees elke ot 126
RE gh BC a. ee ere ree 98,262

Special drives for funds over and above the mem-
bership fees were ordered either by the Red Cross
headquarters in Tokyo, or by the prefectural
branch in Nagasaki. Figures were not obtainable
as to what extent special drives were utilized to
maintain the current budget, which ranged
around 250,000 yen per year.

13. The Red Cross did not play a
major role in the support of the war on the home
front, nor was its contribution to the war on the
fighting fronts highly impressive. It does not ap-
pear that its wartime program was greatly dif-
ferent from its peacetime operations. The Japan-
ese Red Cross at Nagasaka played a negligible
role in the treatment of casualties resulting from
the atomic bomb because it operated no hospitals

Comments.

or first-aid stations in this prefecture. Unlike the
American Red Cross, welfare work did not hold
a place of prominence in the activities of the Jap-
anese society, and apparently no assistance was
given by this organization to the sufferers from
the atomic bomb raid.

Mortuary Services

14. Introduction. The mortuary service did
not face a crucial test until the time of the atomic
bomb. Several previous raids, however, resulting
in casualties ranging up to 200 dead, convinced
the authorities that the usual methods of small-
scale disposal of dead bodies would not measure
up to the need in case of a major disaster, It was,
therefore, determined that some special agency
to take care of this problem should be established.

15. Organization. In a situation such as the
foregoing where prompt and authoritative action
would be required, it is to be expected that the
choice of the Japanese should have fallen upon
the police department. Since there was no pre-
cedent to guide them, a special first-aid unit
(Tokubitsu Kyugotai) was devised and arbitrarily
attached to the criminal section of the prefec-
tural police department. This service operated
through the auxiliary police and fire units
(Keibodan). The personnel engaged in the work
were further broken down into platoons (Shotai)
and sections (Buntai).

16. Personnel. The persons assigned to the
mortuary service consisted of 20 policemen and
230 voluntary workers who were members of the
auxiliary police and fire units. Some of the latter
were morticians but not all, as it was a job re-
quiring more brawn and courage than technical
skill. The workers were divided into three pla-
toons of approximately 80 men each, and each
platoon was divided into 3 sections of about 25

men each. To each section was attached one
policeman.
17. Duties. The three main duties of the spe-

cial first-aid unit were: rescue work, first-aid to
the injured, and disposal of the dead. It will be
observed from the foregoing that the disposal of
the dead was only one of the duties performed by
the special unit. The policeman attached to each
section directed the work of the other members
and was also responsible for determining the
‘ause of death in each instance, and for identifica-
tion of the body, if possible. Once these duties
had been accomplished, the dead bodies were then

36

collected by members of the sections or squads
and taken to central points such as school build-
ings and temples where unidentified bodies were
held for further identification by those in search
of lost relatives or friends. If identified, the
bodies were delivered to the family or friends
who were given the option of claiming the bodies
for private funerals. The length of time the bod-
ies were held was not fixed, but was determined
by the state of the weather, and varied between 24
and 48 hours, after which they were taken to the
crematory and burned at public expense. The
operation of the service as above described per-
tains only to the preatomic raids, Special atten-
tion will be devoted to the latter in another sec-
tion of this report. For ordinary raids, however,
the plans described appear to have been adequate.
The largest number of dead from any one air raid
prior to the atomic bomb was about 200, of whom
only ten were unidentified. The remainder were all
claimed by friends or relatives and consequently
disposed of by private funerals.

18. Equipment. The special first-aid units had
no equipment for disposal of the dead, other than
stretchers which furnished the principal means of
transportation. Incredible as it may seem, prac-
tically all of the dead were transported that way,
for two reasons: first, there were no ambulances
and there was an acute shortage of trucks: and
second, when the atomic bomb struck, the streets
throughout the entire area affected were blocked
with debris so that vehicle passage was impossible.
Where the casualties were few, however, the cre-
matory hearses took care of terminal transporta-
tion. Likewise, when casualties were few the
crematories furnished fuel for cremation, but
when the numbers were large and the crematory
was overloaded, wood was collected from the
ruins for cremation in the open.

19. Problems Presented by the Atomic Bomb
Explosion, a. When this catastrophe struck the
city, a call was immediately sent out for all mem-
bers of the special first-aid units, but out of the
250 members only 70 responded. Many of them
were, of course, either killed or injured; others
had urgent problems at home in caring for their
own families so that they could not, or at least
would not, disregard what they considered their
most urgent duty.

b. The known dead up to 5 November, result-
ing from the atomic bomb, totaled 25,761; the
number missing was 1,927. Those figures were
taken from the records of the criminal section of

the police department and are probably the most
reliable of all. Perhaps at least 75 percent of the
fatalities were instantaneous, which meant that
the mortuary service was suddenly confronted
with the task of disposing of a prodigous number
of bodies. It should be noted that the known dead
did not account for the total fatalities, as there
were undoubtedly many in the ruins that were
never found. The stench of decomposed flesh was
said to have hung heavily over the devastated
area for weeks. In a casual inspection of one
small section of the ruins the skeletal remains of
one body which had not been located by the mor-
tuary service was personally observed. In the
opinion of the informant, who was the chief of the
criminal section of the police department and
who had administrative charge of the entire prob-
lem, about 70 percent of the deaths resulted from
burns either from the direct heat of the bomb or
from the resultant fire; about 20 percent from
suffocation; and about 10 percent from concus-
sion.

ec. The first effort to meet the problems pre-
sented by the vast number of dead was to locate
and identify the bodies. For that purpose a spe-
cial group was chosen from the special first-aid
unit. At first the heat was so great that they
could not enter the stricken area, so their activ-
ities were confined to the river banks and other
places where the relatively low heat was bear.
able. Some sections were inaccessible because of
the heat for a period of three days or more.

d. Calls were sent for all available helpers
within the city and neighboring cities for assist-
ance in caring for the dead. In that way there
Was assembled a force of about 400 to augment the
regularly established personnel of the special first-
aid unit.

e. Collections and disposal of the dead fol-
lowed along the same lines as described for ordi-
nary air raids. The main difference lay in the
unprecedented numbers to be handled. Obvious:
ly the crematories were unequal to the task. The
bodies were, therefore, collected and burned in the
open in groups of five. At the university med-
ical school and hospital 807 persons were killed,

of whom about 500 were medical students. A con-
siderable number of students, nurses, and pa-
tients survived due to the fact that the buildings
were of concrete construction and did not col-
lapse. Most of those who were killed, however,
were burned in piles on the hospital grounds.
(Photos 19-20).

ORGANIZATION OF MORTUARY SERVICE

ae <p i
| _ RESCUE FIRST-AID |
a Ss es is =i Lame ame 4

AUXILIARY POLICE AND
FIRE UNITS
BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS
NEIGHBORHOOD GROUPS

20. Comment. In the presence of an over-
whelming cataclysm such as descended upon the
city of Nagasaki as a result of the atomic bomb,
no system of mortuary service could measure up
to the task. The evidence, however, indicated that
the system established here came as near to han-
dling the situation as could be expected. The set-
up did at least form a practical working nucleus
around which accessory aid was organized and
effectively utilized. The presence of police author-
ity in the organization was a stabilizing and di-
recting factor.

RESCUE SERVICE

1. Jntroduction. The purpose of this report
is to present the organization of the rescue serv-
ices, the recruitment and training of rescue per-

sonnel, the methods of rescue technique as used
in Nagasaki, and the operation of rescue services
under air-raid conditions, The rescue service in

Nagasaki was developed in the same manner as
described in the Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto field re-
ports.

Guard Rescue Unit (Keibitai)

2. Organization. The directive, dated 20 April
1944, from the Ministry of Home Affairs ordered
the establishment of the guard rescue unit as of
1 May 1944. The cost of the establishment of such
a unit was rather heavy and because Nagasaki
Prefecture was one of the poorest prefectures, the
Ministry of Home Affairs recommended that only
one company be organized in Nagasaki. This
company operated on the prefectural level and
was to provide rescue services for the entire pre-
fecture. The company had two platoons; each
platoon was divided into three squads (Organiza-
tion Chart on following page).

3. Personnel. Members of the guard rescue
unit were recruited from persons who had applied
for positions as members of the prefectural police.
The applicants had to be 19 years of age, which
was later lowered to 17 years because of the short-
age of manpower created by the demands of the
military service. A very few of the men accepted
ranged between 25 and 30 years of age. No other
qualifications were required from the applicant.
After undergoing a certain period of training, the
men were assigned either to the guard rescue
unit or to the regular police force.

4. Table of Organization. Each squad was
composed of 1 leader and 10 men. Each platoon
had 1 leader, 1 orderly, and 3 squads, The com-
pany had 1 leader, 2 assistant leaders, 1 orderly,
and 2 platoons, the total complement being 75
men, Generally, however, the active duty person-

Photo 19.

1500 feet from ground zero. General view of remaining buildings, Medical College.

Photo 20. The picture above shows one of the numerous sites where outdoor cremation was done throughout the area
devastated by the atomic bomb. Note remains of incompletely cremated bodies.

39

nel numbered only about 50 men. (Organization
Chart below).

+. Training. Each selected applicant was
sent to training school for instruction in regular
police duties such as the study of city ordinances,

ORGANIZATION CHART
GUARD RESCUE UNIT (KEIBITAI)

| UNIT COMMANDER

(Police Superintendent)

CHIEF (KEIBITAI-CHO)
TOTAL: 75 MEN

| COMPANY COMMANDER
(Police Inspector)

| COMPANY COMMANDER'S ORDERLY
(Policeman)

| ASST. COMPANY COMMANDER
(Asst. Police Inspector)

| ASST. COMPANY COMMANDER'S ORDERLY
(Policeman)
TOTAL: 74 MEN

PLATOON (2)
| PLATOON LEADER
(Asst. Police Inspector)
| PLATOON ORDERLY
(Policeman)

TOTAL: 35 MEN

SQUAD (3)
| SQUAD LEADER
(Police Sergeant)
10 POLICEMEN
TOTAL: || MEN

Note: Total personnel, including unit commander, wos 75 men. However, due
to sickness ond other reasons, this force was often not maintained.

the operation of police boxes, and the patrolling
of a certain section of the city. This training
period extended for 2 months but later, due to
the exigencies of war, was reduced to 1 month. At
the end of the training period, the men were as-
signed to either the guard rescue unit or the

40

regular police, usually on the basis of age, with
the younger men generally being assigned to the
guard rescue unit where they could continue
police training in addition to the specialized
training in rescue services. The unit was quar-
tered in dormitories at the headquarters and
operated on 12-hour shifts. The company was di-
vided into A and B groups with each group tak-
ing its turn on the 12-hour shift. The groups were
further divided into two smaller groups, with one
group held at the headquarters for 6 hours of
training in rescue work and police duties, while
the other group performed actual police duties.
These two groups reversed their duties at the
end of each 6-hour period, With the exception
of training in first-aid which was given by doc
tors, all other training was secured by the study
of pamphlets issued by the Ministry of Home
Affairs or the Great Japan Air Defense Associa-
tion, or from reports made by the company and
platoon leaders who visited other cities which had
been bombed, in order to study rescue technique
under actual conditions. Some practical train-
ing was had as a result of helping to demolish
houses to make firebreaks. Of particular note
was the fact that the leader of the guard rescue
unit never had any training in rescue technique,
as his only duty was to direct the operations of
the unit from the control center during actual
raid conditions.

6. Operational Control and Procedure, The
entire company was in the alert stage at all times
and, when an air-raid alert was sounded, the men
who were off duty and the men who were patrol-
ling areas in the city immediately returned to
the headquarters of the unit. When an incident
occurred during a raid which required the sery-
ices of the guard-rescue unit, information was re-
layed through the police box or the auxiliary
police and fire-unit control center to the police
station in that area, and then to the prefectural
control center from where the chief of the unit
notified the company leader, who was stationed
with the unit at its headquarters, to dispatch the
necessary force. All other procedures and con-
trols were carried out as described in the Osaka,
Kobe, and Kyoto field reports.

7. Mutual Aid. Since this unit was organ-
ized to serve the entire Nagasaki Prefecture, it
performed rescue service in other cities on nu-
merous occasions; for example, it aided Omura
eight different times, and Sasebo once. The re-
quest for this aid came from the chief of police

in the area which desired assistance to the chief
of prefectural police in Nagasaki.

Guard Arm (Keicobu) of the Auxiliary Police
and Fire Unit (Keibodan)

8. Organization. Rescue service in this unit
was assigned to the guard and medical arm
(Keicobu). (For a detailed description of the
auxiliary police and fire unit, see that section of
this report.) A shortage of personnel did not
permit the members of this arm to be assigned to
special duties individually.

9. Personnel. The members of the guard and
medical arm were arbitrarily selected and as-
signed by the leader of the auxiliary police and
fire unit,

10. Table of Organization. This arm was com-
posed of 1 leader with 15 members in the guard
squad, 15 members in the air-defense squad, and
10 members in the medical squad. Since there
were 4 auxiliary police and fire units in Naga-
saki, there were 160 members available for rescue
service.

11. Training. The leader of the guard and
medical arm generally received his training in
schools conducted at the police stations but, in
some instances, he was trained by the leader of
the auxiliary police and fire unit. It was his duty
and responsibility to instruct all members of his
arm.

12. Operational Control and Procedure. The
same principles of operational control and pro-
cedure as described in the Osaka, Kobe, and
Kyoto field reports were employed in Nagasaki.

Rescue Features Common to Both Organizations

13. Location of Casualties. The rescue serv-
ices in Nagasaki employed the identical method
presented in the Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto field re-
ports.

14. Rescue Technique. Debris clearance meth-
ods were the only ones used to extricate the
trapped victims.

15. Equipment, The same general implements
as used in the cities previously investigated were
employed in Nagasaki. The gnard rescue unit

(Keibitai) had two trucks and a motorcycle with
sidecar attachment for the transportation of per-
sonnel and equipment and, in addition, had an
agreement that transportation would be fur-
nished from the truck pool established at the con-
trol center. However, because of the poor me-
chanical condition of the trucks, the unit traveled
to the incidents mainly on bicycles or by foot.

General Comments

16. The lack of proper training and equipment,
together with the small number of personnel, pre-
vented creditable performance in rescue opera-
tions during raids.

17. There was no heavy rescue equipment and
there was an almost complete lack of mobile
transport.

18. The entire training program was con-
ducted by inexperienced instructors who trained
themselves by the use of civilian defense pamph-
lets.

19. Unlike that of most other cities, the guard
rescue unit performed rescue services in the har-
bor area,

20. A resume of the operations of guard rescue
unit under atomic bomb conditions follows:

a. Since the city was in the “release-from-
alarm” or “alert” stage at the time the atomic
bomb was dropped, the entire guard rescue unit
was concentrated at its headquarters (which was
not damaged) directly across from the control
center. No personnel or equipment was lost as a
result of the bombing. This unit was one of the
first civilian defense services to arrive at the in-
cident, but due to lack of training and proper
equipment, plus the extremely small number of
available personnel, approximately 60 men, very
little actual rescue work could be accomplished,
so the men were used principally to control traffic
(personnel and vehicular); to maintain a sem-
blanee of order; to provide information; and to
help in road clearance, It is doubtful, however,
even if the unit had been trained and equipped,
that it could have done very much in actual res-
cue operations, principally because of the small
size of the unit and the tremendous problems cre-
ated by the bomb.

POST-RAID CLEARANCE

1. Introduction. The clearance and repair
study of Nagasaki made no significant contribu-

tion to previously obtained information, on either
the Japanese planning and execution of meas-

ures for restoring flow of traffic or the use of vital
facilities damaged by air attack. Preparations
were fewer and less efficient than in cities pre-
viously visited, and operations were correspond-
ingly poorer. The comments at the end of the
report will present an estimate of these opera-
tions with a special reference to the atomic bomb.

2, Road and Bridge Clearance and Repair.
a, Preparation for Air Raids, (1) Adminis-
trative. In Nagasaki Prefecture, the relationship
of the road and bridge authorities to air-raid pro-
tection took the form of including as one of the
members of the control center (Sambo Shitsu)
staff, the head of the public works department. It
was his duty to report to the control center upon
the sounding of the air-raid alert, and there he
came under the authority of the prefectural police
system. Any urgent calls from local police sta-
tions for emergency clearance or repair could be
quickly executed by the appropriate public works
agency. In Nagasaki City there was little by way
of administrative reorganization, for the city was
dependent upon the prefecture both for planning
and for execution of administrative measures.
Construction and maintenance of through streets
in the city were the responsibility of the prefee-
ture, while the city was officially responsible for
the remaining streets; yet the city leaned heavily
in its planning upon the resources of the prefec-
ture despite the fact that the prefectural road
chief made the statement that his section had no
concern with city side streets. He added that, if
the city should fall behind in its street main-
tenance, he was empowered through the police
office to force the city to take proper action. The
advent of air-raid threats intensified the city’s
feeling of dependency.

(2) The Emergency Public Works Construc-
tion Group (Okyu Doboku Kosaku Dan). Naga-
saki Prefecture organized its road and bridge per-
sonnel on the basis of the Ministry of Home
Affairs’ suggestion of December 1943, within a
month after the suggestion had been received. The
head of the public works department made a spe-
cial point in stating that “these were sugges-
tions rather than orders although they had the
effect of orders”. He claimed to have had three
separate emergency public works construction
groups within the prefecture—one each covering
the areas within and adjacent to Nagasaki City
and Sasebo City, and a third distributed through-
out the prefecture. Investigation showed that
there was no such organization operated by Naga-

saki City, Unlike the other prefectures studied,
it was stated that the establishment of an emer-
gency public works construction group resulted
in a jump from 200 to 837 employees by May 1944,
which included 58 office staff and engineers as
well as laborers. By May 1945 there were 850
members as follows: 488 unskilled workmen, 36
stone masons, 81 carpenters, 190 “miscellaneous,”
and 55 office workers. According to the quotas
set up by the table of organization on following
page, the prefectural emergency group was up to
standard. The added personnel were however
only part time, although they were paid workers
who could be summoned in emergencies; and it
is noteworthy that this is the first instance dis-
covered in which the use of auxiliaries was
planned for road and bridge work. As will be
seen below in the description of actual operations.
this planning proved to be of little avail. Two
of the companies in the construction group were
given two lessons on how to build a pontoon
bridge; the others had no training of any kind,
either for repairs to roads and bridges or by way
of the maneuvers recommended by the Ministry
of Ilome Affairs to speed up emergency mobiliza-
tion. The maneuvers were not carried out because
it was said that the prefecture was too busy to
bother with them, although for the purpose of
conforming to the letter of the law they were
reported to Tokyo as having taken place. Naga-
saki City had no new personnel either by way
of regulars or auxiliaries nor was its equipment
increased, Some plans had been made for train-
ing in emergency bridge repair, but these were
never carried through. As to the equipment pos-
sessed by the eight companies of the prefectural
construction group, that possessed by one-half of
the companies was up to the standard laid down
by Tokyo; the other half was not.

(3) Operational Plans. The prefecture con.
sidered itself fully capable of handling any emer-
gencies involving roads and bridges. However,
it did not consider itself responsible for clear-
ance and repair during or within the first few
hours after a raid, as it was agreed with the police
authorities that auxiliary police and fire units
working with the guard rescue unit should take
care of immediate necessary measures. Neverthe-
less, in June 1944, the companies of the public
works construction group were ordered to assem-
ble at their respective company headquarters
according to the following plan: when the “alert”
sounded, three men were to report immediately

and the rest were to stand by in a readiness
status; the “alarm” was the signal for all mem-
bers to assemble; all hands remained at the head-
quarters throughout the “release-from-alarm” and
were not disbanded until the “release-from-alert.”
When a long period intervened between the two
latter signals, the members were permitted to go
home before the In June
1945, the plan was modified so that the groups
assembled upon hearing the “alert” signal. This
came about because of the short period between
the “alert” and the “alarm.” Communications
and transportation were so inadequate that this
plan was put into effect so that the public works
construction group could follow quickly the initial
efforts of the police-operated clearance and repair
personnel, and it was not regarded as changing
the responsibility of the police-operated groups
for taking immediate measures. As will be clear
in the description of operations, police interest
and authority over repair and clearance carried
over beyond immediately instituted measures. The
emergency repair organization (Kinku Kosaku
Tai) and the rural emergency force, known as the
village volunteer unit (Songiyu Tai) were sum-
moned by the police to assist in the more perma-
nent bridge and repair work. According to the
Ministry of Home Affairs’ order of October 1944,
the police guard rescue unit was instructed to
prepare for “debris clearance and emergency
repair of facilities’; but the chief of the prefec-
tural air-defense organization was not familiar
with this order and said that the use of the police
for instituting clearance was an expedient em-
ployed when the emergency arose, rather than be-
ing the result of previous planning. As in Kobe,
repair materials were placed around the prefec.
ture at important places for the purpose of easy
access, but this dispersal applied only to older
materials; the newer supplies were stored adja
cent to a wharf in the harbor area of Nagasaki
City. The planning of the city included reliance
upon both the auxiliary police and fire unit and
the emergency repair organization, although it
had no direct authority over either.
dependence was placed upon the use of the spe-
cial building guards (Tokusetsu Bogodan) and
it was felt by the city that this help, together with
that from other prefecturally controlled units,
would be sufficient for all future clearance or
repair necessities,

b. Operations. In order to give a coherent
account of what actually happened when the road

“release-from-alert.”

Considerable

T1IZ677—AT—A

43

and bridge forces were called out, four incidents
will be presented: two as described by the city:
and two (including that of the atomic bomb) by
the prefecture. Because of the diverse uses to
which the several emergency organizations were
put, the road and bridge operations will be given,
together with those of the water works and street

ORGANIZATION
EMERGENCY PUBLIC WORKS
CONSTRUCTION GROUP

(OKYU DOBOKU KOSAKU DAN)

CHIEF, PUBLIC WORKS
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
(DOBOKUKA CHO)

COMPANY (8)
(CHUTAI)

PLATOON (2 OR 3)
(SHOTAI)

SQUAD (2 OR 3)

(BUNTAI)

PERSONNEL
ea err ee es 13
CORT LIN Ria wseneects 100
PU Oni soe cadens nnceeeet ex 35-50
7, |e Sere ee 10-15

car repair efforts in subparagraph “b” under para-
graph 3.

3. Repair to Important Facilities. a, Prepa
rations,

(1) Waterworks, As in the case of previous
studies, the restoration of water service to Naga

saki City after air-raid damage was entirely a

municipal affair; the chief of the waterworks sec-
tion in the city government was a member of a
paper organization known as the defense head-
quarters. In case of airraid damage, no auxiliary
assistance by official emergency organizations as
set up for all-purpose repair was anticipated by
the waterworks officials, In the 26 April 1945
raid, a water main supplying one of the large
Mitsubishi manufacturing plants was hit and the
plant, on its own initiative, sent out a crew to
assist the city water men. This worked ont so
successfully that a decision was made to call upon
the Mitsubishi factories, of which there were four
in Nagasaki, should help be needed on a subse-
quent occasion, This was the first and only plan-
ning for a water works emergency that might be
too great for the regular maintenance personnel,

(2) Streetcar System, This system was pri-
vately owned and controlled in Nagasaki City and
its problems were considered to be neither a pre-
fectural nor a city responsibility. The streetear
officials believed that their own maintenance
crews, plus independently hired labor, could re-
store service promptly in case of air-raid dam-
age. At one time, the providing of liaison with
the police for planning assistance to be given by
the emergency repair organization and the aux-
iliary police and fire units was considered, but the
idea was dropped when it was decided that those
two groups would be too inyolved with other
duties to be spared for streetcar system restora-
tion. It was thought that the railroad might be
able to help out in case of need, since it was not
anticipated that the railroad might have its hands
full with its own problems in case of a major raid.
The streetcar authorities were even less inclined
to fall back upon public help than was the elec-
trie distributing company, which had arranged
with the prefecture for emergency labor when
needed, Streetcar officials explained that their
most urgent need was for technicians and they
could not be supplied by the prefecture; nor
could trained personnel be summoned from neigh-
boring towns as was possible for the electric dis-
tributing company.

(3) Buildings. Repair or postraid demolition
of buildings in Nagasaki, as in other cities studied,
was considered to be the responsibility of the
owner. There was no planning for demolition
except in the firebreak program, and in the lat-
ter, the method used was that of removal piece
by piece. As more fully described in the War
Damage Claims section, the materials from

demolished houses were carefully saved for re-
building purposes and in no case was the use of
dynamite planned, even for emergency demolition
before or after a raid. There was no central plan-
ning for building repair except in so far as large
buildings were ordered to set up special building
guards who might be held responsible. On the
question of public and private responsibility, it
is interesting to note that, whereas the special
building guards were liable to call from the city,
if street clearance was needed, the arrangement
worked in only one direction and the city did not
take it upon itself to assist the building guards,
if they required help. The prefecture assumed
authority over these building guards to the extent
that, if a building were a menace to passersby and
suitable action was not taken, the police could
order them to take such action; if, for any reason,
they failed to do so, the auxiliary police and fire
units were ordered to accomplish the desired re-
sults. However, in that case the use of auxiliary
police and fire units was not considered to be in
the interest of the owner, but rather in the inter-
est of the public.

b. Operations. The following incidents involv-
ing the restoration resources of the city in the
prefecture are brought together as single narra-
tives.

(1) Incident of 29 July 1945. On this date a
500-pound high-explosive bomb fell in the middle
of an important prefectural road leading south-
ward from Nagasaki but within the city limits,
and completely blocked the thoroughfare. Mem-
bers of the nearby auxiliary police and fire unit
arrived on the scene within half an hour and at-
tempted to clear the road of debris caused by
houses that had been blown into the street, but
they succeeded only in clearing a footpath for
pedestrians because, not only did the bomb crater
extend across the road, but it filled rapidly with
water from a damaged water main, a problem with
which the auxiliary police and fire unit was un-
able to cope. Several hours later the waterworks
forces arrived together with the prefectural emer-
gency publie works and construction group. It
was 3 days before a detour was built allowing
trucks to get through and an equal period of time
before the water main was repaired, and one week
elapsed before the road had been fully restored.

(2) Incident of 30 July 1945. At 1146 on this
date a high-explosive bomb hit a prefectural road
in the Furuko district of the city. The assistant
chief of the public works department was in his

44

oftice at the time, and within approximately 20
minutes was notified by the police on the basis of
information received by them from a police sta-
tion in the affected area, that a crater 39 feet
(12 meters) in diameter was blocking traflic there
and that a water main had been broken. The
assistant chief sent a messenger to the public
works branch office nearest the scene, ordering out
the emergency public works construction group
which arrived at 1400 with 15 workers and 1
truck. The police station sent for the members
of the emergency repair organization in its dis-
trict and by 1415 some 40 workers were on the
scene; efforts by the auxiliary police and fire unit
to shut off the water from the broken main had
been unsuccessful and no work could be done
to fix the road until the main had been repaired.
The waterworks personnel had turned off the
water by 1500 and began pumping water from the
crater. Night fell before the road men had an
opportunity to begin work, and the road was not
made passable until the following night.

(8) Incident of 1 August 1945. Seven of the
high-explosive bombs dropped on this date fell in
such a pattern (sketch on following page) as to
cause damage to streets, a bridge, and two water
mains as well as to cause a complete tie-up of the
city’s streetcar system, The bombs were dropped
at 1055 and, although the streets and bridges
affected were those under city responsibility, no
city personnel were on hand an hour later when
the head of the prefectural public works depart-
ment arrived on the scene. Since traftic could be
rerouted over other streets and bridges, it was
decided that no immediate repairs were necessary.
Clearance of debris from the streets was done by
auxiliary police and fire unit personnel and “by
people who happened to be around’. The city
brought necessary materials and temporary re-
pairs to the bridge were effected by the same per-
sons who were able to make it usable for pedes-
trian traffic. When asked why the emergency
repair organization was not called out, particu-
larly in view of the usefulness of the bridge in
effecting repairs to the break in the power line.
the city public works chief stated that the men
present had been sufficient. Serious repair work
on the bridge was begun 2 days later, using Amer-
ican prisoners of war, and permanent restoration
was virtually completed by 9 August when the
atomic bomb was dropped. Repair of the street
near the bridge was delayed by the flow of water
from a broken main, The police informed the city

45

waterworks department of this break and 2 hours
later the amount of damage had been determined:
6 hours later the water had been shut off. An-
other large water main was ruptured by the bomb
that landed on the railroad tracks, and, to repair
both broken mains, crews from the Mitsubishi
shipbuilding plants were summoned, who effected
repairs in 2 days. The chief engineer of the street-
car system, at the time the bombs exploded was
in the electric substation (shown on the sketch)
made an immediate survey of the damage to the
power-feeder line and to the overhead trolley wires
on the streetcar line. He stated that interruption
of power supply by the bombs paralyzed the entire
streetcar system which was out of commission for
5 days, despite the hiring of 70 laborers. Reasons
for this long period of interrupted service were
given as (1), the fact that only two skilled men
were available for repair work, and (2), no work
could be done at night because of blackout regu-
lations. Actually work was not begun on the
main line until the second day after the raid, or
on the feeder line until the fifth day, but, by that
time auxiliary feeder lines were in operation and
the street cars were running again. The city line
was fully restored just in time to be completely
demolished by the atomic bomb. This same raid
knocked out the Yanagawa bridge, the second
largest bridge over the Yurakami river, requiring
a detour of over a mile (1.6 kilometers). The city
took full responsibility for its repair, and work
was begun on the following day (a week later
temporary repairs permitted the passage of vehic-
ular traffic). This was a fairly important bridge
and officials, when asked why auxiliary help was
not summoned to shorten the period of disuse,
could give no satisfactory answer.

(4) Atomic Bomb 9 August 1945, The city’s
repair facilities were completely disorganized by
the atomic bomb, so that, with the single exception
of shutting off water to the affected areas, no repairs
were made to roads, bridges, water mains, or
transportation installations by city forces. The pre-
fecture took full responsibility for such restoration
as was accomplished, delegating to the scattered
city help the task of assisting with relief for vic-
tims. There were only three survivors of the 115 em-
ployees of the streetcar company, and as of 16
November 1945, no cars were running. A week
after the atomic bomb exploded, the waterworks
department made an effort to supply water to
persons who were attempting to live in the
bombed-out areas, but the leakage was so great

SKETCH SHOWING BOMB HITS (HE)
AFFECTING PUBLIC INSTALLATIONS IN ONE AREA

AUGUST FIRST 1945 RAID
NAGASAKI, JAPAN.

hemes

SMALL BRIDGE

ELECTRIC
$UB-STA.

POWER LINE TO STREET CAR LINE
10" WATER MAIN

- 4" WATER MAIN
STREET CAR TRACK

RAIL ROAD TRACK

BOMB HIT

BREAKDOWN IN UTILITIES U.S. STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

CIVILIAN DEFENSE DIVISION
NAGASAKI FIELO REPORT

46

that the effort was abandoned. It fell, therefore,
to the prefecture to institute recovery measures
eyen in the case of those streets normally the re-
sponsibility of the city. The first job of street
clearance was that of the Omotaka-Nagasaki pike,
where for 8,000 feet this main artery was im-
passable to traffic, as were all highways north-
ward out of the city. On the morning of the
tenth, assisted by workers from the Kawanami
shipbuilding works, the police guard rescue unit
(Keibitai) began clearing a path 61% feet (2
meters) wide, despite the intense heat from the
smouldering fires, and by 15 August, the road had
been cleared permitting two-way traffic. Three days
after the bomb hit, the prefectural public works de-
partment began the work of street clearance un-
der the over-all direction of the chief of the air-
defense section. The police had called for 600
laborers from village volunteer units in neighbor-
ing towns, but only 350 were obtained; for pay,
they received meals, but no cash. Of the entire
public works construction group covering the
Nagasaki City area only three members appeared
for work, and it was stated that a week was re-
quired to locate and notify all those remaining
members who had survived the atomic bombing.
No trucks, only rakes and shovels, were available
for clearing the streets which were filled with tile,
bricks, stone, corrugated tin, machinery, plaster
and stucco. Street areas affected by blast and not
by fire were littered with wood. Throughout the
entire bomb area, all wounded had to be carried
out by stretcher since no motor vehicles were
able to proceed through the cluttered streets for
several days. The plan used for debris removal
called for clearance of a few streets leading to
the main highway, which was already in process
of being cleared by the guard rescue unit; but
there were frequent delays caused by the heat of
smouldering fires and by calls for relief work.
The debris was simply raked and shovelled off the
streets and tossed on the property on either side.
By 18 August, a road paralleling the important
main highway to Omotaka had been cleared, and,
by the twentieth, the entire job was considered
complete. The streets were not materially dam-
aged by the bomb nor were the surface and the
abutments of the concrete bridges, but virtually
all of the wooden bridges were totally or partially
destroyed by fire. With the disorganization of
the public works construction group, the emer-
gency reparr organization could have been used

for making necessary bridge repairs, but it too
had dispensed and could not be summoned.

4. Salvage. In April 1943, there was set up in
Nagasaki a metals salvage control stock-holding
company under the control of the “promotion” sec-
tion (Shinkoka) of the prefectural welfare de-
partment. Before the raids began the company
collected metal scrap of all kinds, utilizing to a
considerable extent the services of the neighbor-
hood groups (Tonari Gumi). Amounts and loca.
tion of the serap collected by the latter were re-
ported to the city government which notified the
company; the company, in turn, collected it and
made payments to the owner either directly or
through the city office. The governor of the pre-
fecture issued an order immediately after the 29
May 1945 raid on Sasebo to the effect that sal-
vageable scrap left unmarked on property beyond
3 days became the property of the salvage com-
pany. This period was extended to 30 days in
compliance with the provisions of the national
salvage law of 11 July 1945, described in the Kobe
report. The Nagasaki officials were under the im-
pression that the end of the war terminated the
salvage law, but in the absence of definite in-
formation, as of 16 November 1945, no salvage
work had been done in the prefecture, except by
private individuals, since the atomic bomb had
been dropped.

5. Comments. The postraid clearance prep-
arations in Nagasaki followed the same general
pattern as those in other cities, reflecting the sug-
gestions of the national government, but indi-
cating outward conformance rather than serious
acceptance. The admission of prefectural officials
that reports were sent to Tokyo on training ma-
neuvers that were never carried out was but one
of several indications that the restoration offi-
cials intended to conduct air-defense prepara-
tions on the exclusive basis of their own judg-
ment. The city was dependent on the prefecture
to an extent not heretofore encountered in other
localities. Unlike any of the other localities stud-
ied, the prefecture added new personnel on a vol-
unteer, though paid, basis to its public works
construction group, and subleaders of construe-
tion units appeared to have more initiative than
the average run of such officials met elsewhere.
Despite this, the operations in Nagasaki, both be-
fore and after the atomic bomb, suffered from
poor discipline and inadequate coordination of re-
pair forces; and were conducted on a “catch-as-
catch ean” basis in so many instances as to reflect

poorly on advance planning. <A review of the
clearance and repair experiences in connection
with several preatomic bomb raids indicated
much to be desired in speed and efficiency, with
no noticeable improvement as time went by. The
atomic bomb completely paralyzed the clearance
and repair arrangements, and recovery measures
were possible only by bringing in day laborers
from surrounding towns on a commercial rather

48

than a mutual aid basis and putting them to work
with picks and shovels under police supervision.
Technical workers familiar with water installa-
tions and other public utility facilities were so
scattered by the atomic bomb incident that serv-
ices were inoperative for several weeks. Speci-
fically, restoration measures were still in process
of completion throughout the damaged area 3
months after the atomic incident.

IV. PROTECTION OF FACTORIES, UTILITIES,
INSTALLATIONS AND BUILDINGS
DEVOTED TO PUBLIC USE

FACTORY AIR-RAID PROTECTION

1. Introduction, a. Three factories were stud-
ied in the Nagasaki area, two of which were en-
gaged in shipbuilding and the third in construe-
tion of torpedoes. One, a behemoth in the ship
construction field and a member of the Mitsubishi
chain, had been subjected to severe air raids, in-
cluding the atomic raid; while the other ship-
building factory, a comparatively small plant em-
ploying modern mass-production methods, was
comparatively untouched by air raids. The third
plant, which was also a member of the Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries chain, was interesting due to
the extensive underground tunnels which were
used to house heavy machine tools and the tor-
pedo assembly department. The scope of this re-
port is to show the basic methods laid down for
air-raid protection, to make an analysis of the
defenses in the shipbuilding plants, and to show
the adjustments and changes of methods, if any,
which were brought about by successive raids. De-
tailed plant protection of the Mitsubishi Torpedo
Works was not undertaken, but an examination
was made of the underground dispersal plant of
this factory in the nearby hills, in order to de-
termine how well it stood up against the atomic
bomb, as well as what the general procedures
were in Mitsubishi’s efforts to go underground
with their production.

b. All plants were privately owned and gov-
ernment controlled; all received instructions
from the prefectural government; yet all were
also under the control of the Munitions Ministry
for final guidance in air-raid protection matters.
Management in each of the shipbuilding plants
was held directly responsible for air-raid protec-
tion, but interest in the two plants under discus-
sion varied tremendously.

2. Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Plant was a mas-
sive concern, consisting of 452 buildings sprawled
over an area of 4,734,000 square feet, involving
over 14 separate plants which included a heavy
shipyard, midget submarine plant, diesel engine

plant, ship repair docks, turbine factory, oxygen
plant, ship finishing plant and several other
smaller incidental operations. All in all, the Mit-
subishi Shipbuilding Plant was a highly complex
organization involving varied operations which
necessitated an equally complicated and cumber-
some airraid protection organization.

a. Organization, The Mitsubishi air-defense
organization was composed of a headquarters unit
and nine branches, corresponding to the nine
branches of the factory.

(1) The headquarters was composed of light
control, gas defense, first-aid, transportation, gen-
eral affairs, guard, fire, and repair sections.

(2 Sach of the branches (Shibu) was divided
into subunits (Bundan) and each of the subunits
was further divided into squads (Han).

(3) There were five squads to a subunit which
were: general affairs, guard, fire, first-aid, and re-
pair.

b. Functions of Squads. (1) Guard Squad,
This squad was charged with fire and aireraft
spotting, giving alarm, preserving order, and re-
lieving victims.

(2) Fire-Fighting Squad. Mitsubishi main-
tained a full-time fire brigade, composed of 70
men who were poorly trained, but who did have a
small amount of modern equipment. (“Protective
Equipment™.) This permanent brigade was re-
inforced by 42 volunteer units of approximately
7 men each. Training of both groups was inade-
quate and sporadic, and auxiliary equipment as-
signed for their use was most inadequate for the
size of the plant.

(3) First-Aid Squad. This plant had a fairly
modern hospital whose personnel, equipment, and
facilities were supplemented by the first-aid
squads, The staff consisted of 22 doctors, 18
pharmacists, 40 registered nurses, and 11 student
nurses who operated the hospital containing 100
beds, five consultation offices, 2 operating rooms.
and an X-ray laboratory. Supporting the hos-

“ae

pital unit were 42 first-aid squads, each consist-
ing of approximately 60 persons. These auxiliary
groups maintained 8 casualty stations and 1,200
litter stations, all of which were adequately
equipped for their purposes.

(4) Repair Squads. The plant
maintenance department effected all general re-
pairs and, when necessary, it was assisted by
members of the repair squads. These squads were
42 in number and contained over 75 persons in
each. Repair actually resolved itself into a mat-
ter of clearance owing to the fact that no compre-
hensive repairs could be made because of material
shortage.

(5) General

permanent

Affairs general
affairs squads kept records and did other general
administrative duties. They acted as a liaison
arm, forming a part of the airraid-warning net
by relaying alarms and, in addition, took care of
the feeding of personnel during the night shift
when the regular feeding department was inoper-
ative.

c. Protective Equipment. Mitsubishi had 4
modern gasoline-driven fire pumps of 450 g.p.m.
capacity; 14 fixed gasoline-driven pumps of 450
g.p.m.; 15 fixed electrically-driven pumps of 1,000
g.p.m.; six manually-drawn — gasoline-driven
pumps, 450 g.p.m.; 5 fireboats, 450 g.p.m.; and a
fresh water system containing over 400 hydrants
(Reference Item 11); and 3 salt water systems of
great capacity (“Water Supply”). In addition,
there were 1400 portable fire extinguishers, 180
gas coats, 10,000 gas masks, 5,000 helmets, and
5,000 sand boxes. At first glance these would
seem to constitute a rather imposing array of
equipment, and it was the largest seen in any
plant investigated, but, when one stops to realize
that this plant had over 450 buildings, covering
an area of 4,734,000 square feet, it immediately
becomes apparent that the equipment was almost
meager in comparison with normal American
practice, especially in view of the fact that the
factory area was considerably congested and none
of it was protected by automatic sprinkler sys-
tems. This fire pumping equipment had in con-
nection with it 40,000 feet of 244 inch hose and
20,000 feet of 11-inch hose, but, at the time of
inspection, most of it had deteriorated badly and
not over 1,000 feet was immediately available in
‘ase of fire; pumping equipment was not in oper-
ating condition; and the hand extinguishers were
almost all inactive and useless.

Squads, The

d. Water Supply. Mitsubishi’s water was
supplied from Nagasaki City through a 6-inch
main at a pressure of 35 pounds per square inch.
In addition to that, the plant had three auxiliary
systems which used salt water, The latter sys-
tems had three pumps delivering an aggregate of
84,000 gallons per hour and the storage tanks con-
tained approximately 900,000 gallons of static
water, 700,000 of which were lost in the raid of
1 August 1945. In addition to the static supply,
there were 1,500 small tanks of approximately 12
gallons each, scattered throughout the plant. In
the major raid of 1 August 1945, city water pres-
sure went to zero, nearby salt-water systems were
knocked out, and fires burned unchecked.

e. Air-Raid-Warning System. Mitsubishi's air-
raid warnings were received initially by tele-
phone from the Nagasaki Garrison and the Naga-
saki switchboard, by radio, and by city sirens. In
each case the messages were picked up by the con-
trol center and relayed to the several plants by
telephone, loud speakers, sirens, bell ringers, and
criers.

f. Control Center. The control center was
completely equipped, adequately staffed, and lo-
cated in the basement of the main administration
building. The normal complement was 10, but it
was increased to 20 during air raids, Equipment
included switchboard, public address system, and
gas masks,

g. Dispersal. Dispersal was by far the most
adequately carried out method of air-raid protec-
tion. Mitsubishi had plans underway to put
their whole submarine plant underground and the
rest of their small operations in school buildings
and outlying factories. An excellent example of
Mitsubishi's dispersal to underground tunnels
was its torpedo plant discussed in paragraph 4.

h. Protective Lighting and Concealment, Mit-
subishi had an efficient blackout program in oper-
ation until the material began to wear out and
could not be replaced, and then it became neces-
sary to turn out the lights by means of a master
switch which was located near the main trans-
former, and many man-hours were lost during the
latter part of the war because of lack of light dur-
ing protracted blackouts. Only a small amount
of camouflage was attempted, and that was in
connection with a few storage tanks in an out-
lying area,

(i) Mitsubishi's plans were well laid and per-
sonnel was well organized: equipment was as
good as could be secured with the supply situa-

tion as it was. When inadequate equipment came
up against raids of saturation character, it failed,
became disorganized, and was destroyed; and per-
sonnel, confronted by a greater problem with less
equipment than ever, turned and fled. They were
fighting a losing battle against
bombing and were whipped, even before the ad-
vent of the atomic bomb.

3. Kawanami was a small, unified plant, well
organized and dispersed in such a fashion as to
offer the minimum vulnerability consistent with
maximum ease of production of their 1,500-ton
freighters. (Exhibit D and Reference Item 9.)

a. Organization, The head of the air-raid
protection organization was the general manager
of the company, assisted by the general affairs de-
partment which acted as an administrative staff.
This staff included only 41 persons and was di-
vided into general affairs, food, ration, and mes.
senger sections.

b. The air-raid-defense organization
broken down directly into six operating units
which were: guard squad, fire unit, reserve, two
repair units, and a medical unit.

(1) The Guard Squad acted only as tire spot-
ters and stayed in the pillboxes built for that pur-
pose. These men were given no special training.

(2) Fire Unit. Kawanami’s fire-fighting sec-
tion was very poor. The only gasoline pumps
which were available were borrowed and two of
these four pumpers were not in operating condi-
tion. Training was poor. Only three classes had
been held during the war, and they were con-
ducted to give instructions in the use of such
crude equipment as beaters, mats, shovels, lad-
ders, and buckets. Kawanami could not have
fought a fire successfully, and the manager of the
plant knew it and acted accordingly. He ordered
all of his personnel to take to cover and not to

overwhelming

was

worry about exposing themselves in a futile
struggle.
(3) Medical Unit. WKawanami’s medical unit

Was very small, but for the size of the plant was
rather well equipped and trained. Their small
hospital contained 10 beds, 2 consultation rooms,
1 operating room, and was staffed by 2 doctors,
18 registered nurses and 20 corpsmen, all of
whom were well trained in their duties. There
were no casualty stations in the plant, but the
air-raid shelter was fully equipped, even for ma-
jor surgery, and also had an X-ray unit avail-
able. This hospital was assisted by 5 units of 12

men each who acted as stretcher bearers, but who
did not know how to administer first aid.

(4) Kawanami had no for-
mal plant maintenance department as such, and

Repair Squads.

what repairs were done were scheduled to be
carried out by general workmen who were organ-
ized into 2 units of 40 and 60 men, respectively.

«. Protective Equipment. This plant did not
have any power fire pumps in connection with the
plant proper, but it was able to borrow two 450
g.p.m. and two 120 g.p.m. units from the local aux-
iliary police and fire unit (Keibodan). Plant-
owned equipment included 6 hand pumps, 120
g.p.m.; approximately 1,800 feet of 2-inch hose;
900 feet of 24g-inch hose; 40 beaters; 100 grass
mats; 100 sand boxes; 60 hooks: 10 ladders; 500
shovels; and 500 canvas buckets. Obviously the
equipment would have been of little value, even
in the case of a normal incendiary raid; the man-
ager realized that fact and the policy in the event
of attack was to take shelter and let the plant
burn.

d. Water Supply. Kawanami had one 36,000-
gallon storage reservoir, with a head of 75 feet.
The pipe which carried it to the plant was so
clogged with debris that it was unable to be used
for plant protection. Static water supply in-
cluded two small salt water reservoirs in the
plant proper, but pumps were too small to make
much use of them.

e. Air-Raid-Warning The initial
warning came from the Nagasaki Garrison and
switchboard, as well as the local radio, Interior
alarm was handled by bell ringing and the rais-
ing of a white flag in the case of an “alert” and
a red flag in the case of an “alarm.”

f. Control Center. The control center was in
a cave in the side of a nearby hill. It was
equipped with telephone, radio, and housed the
entire headquarters staff during a raid. Construe.
tion of the center was faulty, however, inasmuch
as water seepage in the month of September 1945,
‘aused it to cave in from its own weight.

g. Dispersal. A great percentage of machine
tools was dispersed to tunnels on an island in
Nagasaki Bay, and what equipment could not be
dispersed was either heavily baffled or buried be-
neath the floor level. Had the war lasted another
6 months, all machines and a great deal of the
sub-assembly work would have been underground.

h. Protective Lighting and Concealment, This
plant used no camouflage, controlled the lighting

System.

from an interior switch, and had certain office
buildings protected by black-out curtains.

i. Operation, Wawanami was never the sub-
ject of an attack, so that their air-raid system had
never been tested. However, what they did have
would have been of little value. The manager
stated that their equipment was so inadequate
that the policy was to go to the shelter and not
to bother about fires. He further stated and em-
phasized on several occasions that the air-raid
protection plans which they had were only “paper
plans,” made in conformance with governmental
directives.

4.) Mitsubishi Heavy Torpedo Works. (ix.
hibit ) The underground dispersal plant of this
factory was in the nearby hills some 1,000 yards
from the main factory building. Six specially
constructed tunnels housed some of the heavy ma-
chine tool operations of the torpedo assembly de-
partment, and proved to be very effective against
damage caused by the atomic bomb explosion.
From the appearance of the machine tools and
the general working conditions found within the
tunnels, this plant was in the process of getting
organized and established following the comple.
tion date of February 1945, and had not actually
assumed its full production capacity by the time
the war terminated. However, this operation was
a typical example of the Japanese plan for dis-
persal of war industries, which was begun at a
date too late in the war to be effective against
crippling raids,

a. Underground Dispersal. Six large tunnels
were bored in the side of a mountain in which it
was obviously intended to house all of the power
machine tool operations of the plant. Construe-
tion of the tunnel began during August 1944;
about 50 percent of the program was fully com-
pleted and ready for oceupaney by February
1945. According to the spacing of the machine
operations in the underground tunnel, it was evi-
dent that facilities were available to employ at
least 2,500 operators of lathes, drill presses, ream-
ers, finishers, punches, diemaking machines, ma-
chine threading tools, buffers, and other finishing
devices.

b. Construction. Six parallel tunnels were
bored through a mountain foothill, the base of
which was 1,115 feet, with one lateral tunnel con-
necting all six, bored midway and at right angles
to the parallel tunnels. The borings, approxi-
mately 9 feet by 14 feet, were drilled throngh
solid rock, and finished by reinforced concrete,

or

to

Entrances were protected by heavy wooden doors
and some attempt was made to conceal them by
use of camouflage paint. There were no heating
devices in the tunnel, and only natural ventilation
was provided,

«. Power and Water Supply.
operation of the plant was secured from Naga-
saki City and water was obtained from a reser:
located at the top of a nearby mountain.

Manufacturing Processes. All steel, bronze

and aluminum alloy castings were supplied to
this operation, from which point such finished
products as pistons, connecting rods, wrist pins,
valve tappets, and many small torpedo assembly
parts were machined and finished.
Comments. a, Mitsubishi Ship Building
was a tremendous with unlimited re-
sources and engineering personnel who did their
best with what equipment they could muster.
They learned from each successive raid, altered
their plans accordingly, and failed in the end
because of the magnitude of the attacks and inci-
dent damage confronting them. Their problems
resolved itself into dispersal, fire protection, and
shelters. Dispersal and shelters were handled
admirably, but fire protection became an insur-
mountable obstacle. As the raids grew in fre-
quency and intensity, damage mounted. Original
facilities were taxed and destroyed, and, as the
shortage of equipment became progressively more
acute, it was eventually evident to the plant man-
ager, even before the advent of the atomic bomb
that plant personnel must give up, and an order
was issued that in the event of air raid, all per-
sonnel would take shelter, wait until the raid was
over, and then try to hold the damage to a mini-
mum.

b. AKawanami’s attitude in the beginning was
approximately the same as Mitsubishi's attitude
after the latter tried and failed. Kawanami did
what they could, They removed the inflammable
roof of their main factory, tore down several build-
ings for firebreaks and constructed tremendous
shelters in tunnels, costing over 600,000 ven. Their
fire-tighting equipment, however, was so ineffective
that even the managerial personnel knew that an
attempt to use it would be futile. “Paper plans”
were made to conform with governmental direc-
tives, but the general order was to take to shelter
and make no atempt to fight fire.

«. The Atomic Bomb. As previously stated,
insofar as the Mitsubishi Ship Building was con-
cerned, the plant protection organization had

Power for the

voir

dD.
concern

5000 feet from GZ. Mitsubishi Torpedo Works. Area view looking northeast.

Photo 21.

oD
ws

—

so . f. >, pee ges ee _s

Photo 22. 4500 feet from GZ. Aerial view looking northwest. Bldg 11 (boiler house) in foregound.

Photo 23. 4500 feet from GZ. Aerial view east.

54

already been proved, ineffectual even before the
atomic bombing. What few operations they did
have going were stopped when the plant person-
nel were either killed or made homeless, In the
case of Kawanami, although it was never struck
by normal raids and no damage was done by the
atomic bomb, strategic bombing so crippled the
transportation facilities that their plant had
almost stopped before the atomic bombing. When
the atomic bomb fell, however, many of the plant
workers who were not killed were made homeless,
and the lack of shelter had such a profound effect
upon plant personnel that it provided the finish
ing touch which stopped the plant. In the case
of Mitsubishi Torpedo Works, the following is of
interest, At the time of the explosion of the
atomic bomb at 1102 hours on 9 August 1945, those
portions of the underground operations completed
and installed with machine tools were in com.
plete operation. It is reliably reported that no
lives were lost nor injuries sustained by em-

ployees, the only damage incurred was at the
tunnel entrances where three of the six doors were
partially pushed in and shattered by the impact
of the bomb blast. These tunnel shelters indeed
offered adequate, and complete protection to both
personnel and machine tool operations against the
terrific blast effeet of the atomic bomb, and that
is particularly significant in view of the proximity
of this underground plant to the zero point of the
atomic bomb explosion, <Air-raid protection or-
ganizations in Nagasaki had been so thoroughly
battered, and equipment so completely depleted
that by the time the atomic bomb hit, they had
ceased to function as units, and since fire-fighting
equipment had always been practically nonexist-
ent, orders were in effect to abandon the plant
and stress individual protection. Not only were
these units unabie to cope with a small raid, had
it come, but their fire-fighting equipment was so
meager to preclude satisfactory operation
against even incipient fires.

as

RAILROAD AIR-RAID PROTECTION

1. J/ntroduction. The Nagasaki district was
one of six district subdivisions of the Moji rail-
way bureau. The district included two principal
branches and extended from Hizen Oura and
Arita to a cireuit of the southeastern peninsula
and Oshimabara; and the main line ran south
ward to the terminal at Nagasaki. Within this
section lay Haike, the junction with the important
Sasebo line, and the lower branch served an im-
portant industrial and shipping area.

2. Organization for air-raid protection and for
maintenance was not a district responsibility but
was controlled at Moji and decentralized to sec.
tions and individual installations. The Naga-
saki office was organized for the protection of the
city installations only. The railroad line entered
the city through a narrow valley and the 10 main
installations were concentrated in the heart
the city with the station and switchyards located
on the waterfront that formed the head of the
harbor. Each of the following installations had
a separately organized air-raid-protection organi-
zation (Bogo Gundan): the main station and
switchyard; the upper switch and freight yards;
the locomotive shop; passenger and freight car
shop; road maintenance shop: electric power
plant; and the mechanical construction shop.

of

55

a. The organization for the air-raid protection
of each of the above was similar to that of the
station and yards, the 210 employees of which
were all enrolled and trained as members and
assigned as follows:

Staff, variable.

Lookout section (Kanshi Han), 6.
Guard section (Keikei Han), 20.
(Renraku

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Communications section Han),
Fire-fighting section (Shobo Han), 40.
First-aid squad (Kyukyu Han), 18.
Rescue squad (Kyugo Han), 40.

Food supply squad (Haikyu Han), 18.

(9) The balance were organized as reserves and
replacements. This organization indicated that
local organizations were allowed to adopt their
own idea of a plan and that regulations from
higher echelons were used only as a guide,

b. Airraid warning was received from two
sources: from the bureau office at Moji by direct
wire, and from the prefectural air-defense head-
quarters. The station master maintained a con-
trol center and relayed the warning to the other
‘ailroad installations. The first public audible
signal, the “alert,” was ignored by all except the
guard section which mobilized and then cleared

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

the station of all but employees. The “raid” was
the signal for immediate evacuation to shelters.

ce. The fire-fighting squad was inadequately
equipped with but one portable gasoline pumper,
one hand pump and buckets. Static water tanks
were scattered liberally throughout the station
and area. The prefectural fire department was
called in case of serious fire,

d. Emergency medical service for all of the
local installations was handled at the station dis-
pensary where one doctor, six nurses and two
pharmacists were regularly stationed. In emer-
gencies, the first-aid squad reported to the first-
aid station and the rescue squad delivered
wounded to them for treatment and evacuation.

e. The supply section provided food and drink
to all workers during early postraid activities.

f. Emergency repair was accomplished by the
local maintenance section for minor damage, but
for greater damage and track repair the larger
section at Nagayo, 15 miles northward, was re-
Light repair trains were stationed
there in readiness and heavy repair trains were
kept at Moji and Kogura.

g. Shelters constructed by the railroad were
of 20 person capacity, half below the surface, with
a 10-inch concrete arch roof and 8-inch walls,
banked and covered with grayel and earth. Eight
of them in the railroad yard near the station
accommodated all station employees on each
shift. Public shelters were nearby for waiting
passengers, and caves in the side of the mountain
were but 600 yards away.

3. Comments on Operation, a. First Raids.
Railroad installations suffered from two high-
explosive raids: 26 April and 1 August 1945. The
first accomplished little damage and was easily
handled locally without disturbing train sched-
ules. The second raid wrecked one warehouse,
destroyed a second by fire and blew up five sec-
tions of main line track. Of 600 railroad em-

sponsible.

ployees on duty in all installations, 78 were killed,
19 missing, 36 severely wounded and evacuated
to city hospitals, and 119 treated for light wounds
and burns. A repair train and 400 workers were
brought in from Nagayo and Hizenyamaguchi.
Communications were mended in 12 hours and the
track repairs allowed trains to resume schedule
in two days.

b. Atomic Bomb Attack. The atomic bomb
attack of 9 August 1945 was sustained while
under “alert.” The station was emptied of all
but employees. The bomb, exploding at a distance
of 114 miles, flattened the station and its collapse
started a fire which completely consumed the
wreckage. No attempt was made to extinguish
this blaze, but the fire squad concentrated on pre-
venting its spread to warehouses and other build-
ings. No help was received from the city nor
any outside source and the self-protection units
of the railroad installations confined the flames
to the large station building. One hundred and
eighty-eight employees were killed in their homes,
but oddly enough, there were no fatalities at the
railroad center. Through the postraid period the
employees stayed on the job and slept in shelters
and nearby caves. The Moji-Kogura heavy repair
trains and 100 workers and the small repair trains
and 400 men from Nagayo and Omura came in.
It required 84 hours to resume train service,
which was first used for evacuation of injured
and for mobilization of emergency community
assistance. Response and performance of rail-
road air-raid-protection personnel were unques-
tionably superior to other parallel services in the
area. Further, their shelters were better con-
structed than the public ones throughout the city.
There was a lull in traffic at the time of the atomic
explosion and the station was not crowded, but
had it occurred during a period of peak traffic
and under an “alarm” status, the patrons would
have received adequate protection from the shelter
measures that were in effect.

NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AIR-RAID PROTECTION

1. Introduction, National communications
for Kyushu, the southern island of Japan, were
directed through Kumamoto, one of the seven dis-
trict headquarters for the control of all communi-
cations, This district bureau (Taishin Kyoku)
controlled and directed all operations including
air-raid protection for the telephone, telegraph

and postal services. Nagasaki was one of the
most remote terminals of the system.

2. Organization. a. Organization for air-raid
protection was decentralized to individual postal,
telephone and telegraph buildings and installa-
tions. Each was required to organize, train and
maintain a self-protection unit (Bogodan), pre-

viously described in detail in the Osaka and the
Kobe target reports. The organizations in Naga-
saki were identical with them in principal and
form.

b. A repair section was maintained in Naga-
saki by the Kumamoto bureau, consisting of an
average strength of 150 technicians, linemen and
laborers. The principal unit for emergency repair
was located in Omura.

3. Operations, a. The air-vaid attacks on this
city up to 9 August 1945 were made mostly with
small high-explosive bombs. The damage to in
stallations was light compared with that inflicted
by the incendiary raids at other places (i.e.,
Kobe). The lines for the wired services followed
the railroad tracks along their winding courses
between the irregular mountains and were mostly
overhead bare wires, vulnerable to damage but
readily repaired. Except for the atomic attack,
the incendiary raid on the early morning of 11
August 1944 inflicted the most damage to local
subseriber equipment, and that was confined to
residential and industrial communications on the
west side of the city, while vital facilities were
virtually unharmed. The 1 August 1945 raid
destroyed 20 per cent of the facilities of the
Daikuko telegraph building, disrupted the rail-
road communications and the outside lines of the
long-distance telephone service. Under the direc-
tion of the Kumamoto communications burean, a
crew of 300 men was sent in from Omura and
repairs were still in progress at the time of the
atomic raid.

b. On 9 August the atomic explosion occurred
directly over the narrow upper valley of the town
through which passed all of the wires and cables
to the north. For a distance of approximately 4
miles all of these facilities were destroyed. The
damage from both primary and secondary fires
completed the disruption of all the services. Tech-
nicians, laborers, and material were sent in from

as far as Moji, Fukuoka and Sasebo. Emergency
lines were established to Omura and essential offi-
cial communications were dispatched by radio
telegraph. A temporary local telephone network
was restored for police and governmental agen-
cies, but no private service was available 90 days
after the disaster. No postal service was opera-
tive for 18 days, except a limited courier service,
After 18 days a class ITT service with no deliveries
was then restored.

c. Comments. The topographical isolation of
this area and the predominance of above-surface
lines made its communications highly vulnerable.
Creditable maintenance, however, was performed
under the impact of ordinary attack. Postwar
floods, added to atomic damage, extended the iso-
lation, except for radio communication, to a
period of 3 months after the end of the war, The
skilled personnel for maintenance was available
and well organized, Emergency wired communi-
cations could have been restored quickly had the
wire and instruments been available. The failure
to provide reserve stocks was a serious fault of
the defense planning. The subscriber lines were
destroyed with the homes and places of business,
principally by fire. There was no evidence that
communications were more susceptible to damage
by the atomic attack than to other forms of high-
explosive bombs. One of the principal weaknesses
observed was the inadequate protection of the
vital communication facilities. The types of
buildings that housed these facilities were highly
vulnerable to high-explosive and incendiary at-
tack to which Nagasaki was repeatedly subjected
as evidenced by the total destruction by blast and
resulting fire in the raid of 1 August 1945. No
alternate facilities were provided to meet such an
emergency. Further, the land wires were all ca-
nalized through a narrow valley leading out of the
city area.

HARBOR AIR-RAID PROTECTION AND PORT SECURITY

1. Introduction. a. Nagasaki, an ancient fish-
ing port, was opened in 1859 as a treaty port. and
final regulations as such were put into force on 1
November 1898. Its trade gradually climbed to
the peacetime total of $27,255,000 in imports and
exports for the year 1937, and to the wartime
trade in 1944, of $41,476,000, with imports always
about double the amount of exports. The princi-

57

pal exports given in order of monetary value were:
canned sardines, coal, machinery, lily roots, dried
fish, sugar, and potatoes, Its principal imports in
order of value were: crude oil, iron plates, metal
and wood work, machinery, pressed soya beans
(for fertilizer), miscellaneous machinery, sul-
phurie acid, lumber, pig iron, and red beans. Its
trade with other countries in order of amount

was as follows: United States, Dutch Indies, Brit-
ish Indies, China, Germany, Kwantang District,
Manchuria and England.

b. The harbor was elongated and irregular in
shape, divided by nature into four sections, with
the first section at the head of the harbor and
in the center of the city of Nagasaki. The other
three sections extended out toward the sea. These
sections had anchorage areas as follows: first
section, seven-tenths square mile; the second sec-
tion, four-tenths square mile; the third section,
one and eighteen hundredths square miles; a total
of two and twenty-eight hundredths square miles.
General shipping was handled on four large
wharves, the sizes of which were: Dejimachi
wharf, 1,380 feet; Ohato wharf, 1,848 feet; fish
unloading wharf, 693 feet; and Umegashai wharf,
1,520 feet; a total of 5,441 feet. In addition there
were the many docks or private shipping and
manufacturing concerns and a multitude of
smaller wharves for coastwise shipping.

c. The main station, terminal and the freight
yards of the national railroad were located at the
head of the harbor in the center of the city. One
of the largest of the Mitsubishi ship building in-
stallations with huge shipways and drydocks was
established on the west shore of the harbor, and
the entire shore line (except where precipitous
mountain slopes rose directly from the water’s
edge) was a concentration of war production
factories, oil and fuel storage yards and food
products industries.

2. Organization for Air-Raid Protection. In
1938 the governor of the prefecture established an
air-raid defense headquarters which, in turn,
issued regulations concerning air-raid-defense
measures for the harbor, These plans were mere-
ly a redraft of the policies established by the
national government, and were issued to the sey-
eral heads of the departments concerned with
harbor affairs. They prescribed the utilization of
available personnel: the established force of the
police department, fire department, repair and
maintenance section, harbor engineers, and cus-
toms department. The chief executives of these
agencies displayed indifference and laxity and no
coordination of plans. In 1942, the governor re-
organized his air-defense headquarters to include
a section of directors to specialize in harbor
defense matters. This section was termed the
harbor air-defense assembly (Sogo Boku Kyogi-
kai), and it consisted of a chief appointed by the
governor, and the following directors: the chief

of police, the chief of the water police, the chief
of the fire department, the director of the mari-
time bureau, the harbor master, the mayor of the
city, the harbor engineer, and the local com-
manders of the army and the navy. They were
requested to meet in frequent conferences to co-
ordinate all of the plans for harbor protection.
The self-protection forces of private industries
located in the harbor area were supervised sepa-
rately by the chief of this section and plans for
mutual assistance were coordinated by him.
Through the mayor of the city, a special organi-
zation of the auxiliary police and fire units was
reorganized and known as the auxiliary water
police (Suizo Keibodan). This planning and oper-
ating assembly developed a coordinated organiza-
tion for the emergency protection of all harbor
facilities, which will be included in detailed de-
scriptions in the following subparagraphs. The
locations of defense installations in relation to
harbor facilities are shown on a Japanese chart
with English translation of key (Reference Item
12).

a. Water Police. This group of prefectural
police was strictly “marine police” and its juris-
diction extended over the entire surface of the
water to include shore line installations such as
docks, wharves, ferry houses, small warehouses
and installations best described as “touching the
water”. Other than those, the water police had
no landward jurisdiction. The forces consisted of
a chief, 3 assistant chiefs, and 60 men, organized
into a day shift of 45 and a night shift of 17, but
those off duty were always subject to emergency
call. Their equipment consisted mainly of three
combination fire and patrol boats, one large and
two small. The larger one, a 25-ton eraft, was
equipped with a 500-gallon per minute gasoline
pump. The two smaller ones of 5 tons, were each
equipped with a 350-gallon per minute pump. The
principal duties of the water police were the
supervision of the water area, fire fighting and
fire prevention, enforcement of traffic and light
regulations, protection of docks and shore line.
In emergencies they assumed the responsibilities
of incident control, assigned special emergency
duty to auxiliary water police, supervised rescue,
first aid, evacuation, and emergency salvage.

b. Maritime Bureau. The director of this
agency through his harbor master controlled all
matters concerning shipping, the movement of
larger vessels in the harbor, harbor regulations,
marine lighting regulations, and the dispersal of

vessels throughout the harbor. He controlled the
customs department, the quarantine docks, and all
government warehouses.
the organization of self-protection in each of the
above government installations, including that of
ships at dock or at anchor in the harbor. Unlike
the Kobe director of the maritime bureau he was
not responsible for the protection of warehouse
installations that were privately or municipally
owned. With customs patrol personnel he assisted
the water police in the enforcement of harbor
regulations. His was the primary responsibility
for clearance of the channel in case of air-raid
warning and the removal of ships containing dan-
gerous cargo to safety areas.

c. The Air-Defense General Headquarters of
the prefectural government was responsible for
the supervision of factory air-raid protection in
the important war industries, both privately and
government owned in the harbor area. In the
larger industries, inspections were made by this
headquarters, but inspections of smaller indus-
tries were delegated to the regular police district
chiefs.

d. The City of Nagasaki. The mayor's office
was responsible for the organization and _ self-
protection of municipal warehouses and other
municipally owned installations; for all matters
of welfare, emergency relief, evacuation, promo-
tion of fire prevention and establishment of fire-
breaks involving the razing of privately owned
property. He was further responsible for the
organization, training, operations, supply and
maintenance of a specialized organization covered
in the paragraph immediately following.

e, The Auviliary Water Police and Fire Unit
(Suijo Keibodan).

He was responsible for

(1) This organization formed the real backbone
of the organization for emergency protection of
the harbor and the harbor area. It was recruited,
organized, and trained by the chief of the Naga-
saki auxiliary police and fire units, assisted by
the chief of the water police. Its organization
followed a pattern specified by the harbor air-
defense council. It consisted of a leader, his staff,
and 300 selected men, organized into 5 subunits
known as “Bundan”; each subunit in turn was
divided into 2 specialized sections: a fire-fighting
section (Shobobu) of 20 persons and an air-
defense section (Keigobu) of 39 which in turn
was broken down into 3 squads, each of 12 men
and a leader as follows: the lookouts and observy-

71367747

59

ers (Bokuhan), rescue and first aid (Kyugohan)
and the guard and police squad, (Keibehan).

(2) The harbor itself was divided into five pro:
tection districts and one of the auxiliary water
police subunits was assigned to each. A head-
quarters was established for the entire organiza-
tion with telephone communications to air-defense
general headquarters, water police headquarters,
city hall and to each of its lower echelons. A
headquarters and assembly point was established
for each of the five subgroups at a point con-
venient for the control of the section of the harbor
assigned to it for protection.

(3) Each subunit had assigned to it an aux-
iliary fire and patrol boat. Each boat was pri-
yately owned and operated commercially in the
harbor district to which it was assigned. Most
of these boats were of approximately 10 to 15 tons:
four of them had gasoline-driven pumps, three of
the pumps each having a capacity of 350 g. p. m.,
while the fourth was of 100 g. p.m. capacity. The
fifth boat had only a large hand pump. <Addi-
tional equipment consisted of marine first-aid and
rescue equipment, ropes, gear, and_ fire-fighting
chemicals. Attached to each boat was a small
organized fleet of small boats to be used for rescue
and evacuation of the wounded. The training of
these subgroups was the responsibility of the
mayor and was carried out by the leader of the
auxiliary water police and fire unit. Lach sub-
leader was required to attend the prefectural air-
defense school for a period of two days and the
training of the subunits was conducted by them,
with the help of the water police, for half-day
periods, 6 weeks apart.

(4) A first-aid station was established in each
district in shrines or other available buildings
conveniently located to the water’s edge and to
landward avenues of transportation,

f. Self-Protection (Bogo). Self - protection
units were organized in each of the enterprises
and installations on the water’s edge. They were
organized among the employes and followed a com-
mon general pattern, that is, they consisted of
a specialized group, divided into specialists’
squads for fire fighting, rescue, first aid, guard-
ing and control, and for communications; the bal-
ance of the employees were organized as a reserve
force. The responsibility for these self-protection
units was the individual responsibility of owner-
ship or management.

g. Maritime Bureau. In matters of air-raid
protection of the harbor, the Nagasaki director

had less responsibility than did those in Osaka
and Kobe. He was responsible only for the con-
trol of shipping and for the self-protection of
government owned facilities.

h. Railroad Bureau. The government railroad
bureau, although adjacent to the harbor, was in-
dependently organized for its own protection, but
its representative coordinated plans for emergency
mobilization and evacuation.

3. Operations. The study of air-raid data
given in the introduction of this target report
shows a pattern of attack in which four of the
five regular bombing attacks were partially di-
rected at the harbor; and the atomic bomb explo.
sion from which the harbor suffered. A summary
of operations and performance under raid condi-
tions is given below:

a. Damage by Raids. In four raids, 26 April,
29 July, 31 July, and 1 August 1945, 18 ships
were sunk in the harbor, totaling 17,178 tons. In
the same raids 18 ships with an aggregate ton-
nage of 24,300 were badly damaged. One hundred
and fifty-four persons were killed and 99 serious:
ly wounded. The damage to harbor installations
and wharves during this period amounted to ap-
proximately 15 percent but, except for loss of
shipping through sinkings, the actual use of the
harbor was not seriously impaired. In the atomic
bomb raid, 39 smaller ships were sunk in the har-
bor. The actual loss of tonnage and loss of life
have not been officially computed, but they are es-
timated to be approximately 3,000 tons and 50
dead.

b. The First Raid at Nagasaki occurred at
0020 of 11 August 1944. Although the harbor was
not damaged, this raid served the harbor forces
with a practical impromptu exercise. There was
an S-minute early warning followed by a 12-
minute “alert” starting at 2333, and by a “raid”
signal at 2845, although the raid did not occur un-
til 35 minutes after the sounding of the “raid”
signal. The warning originated from the off-shore
patrol by radio and the “raid” signal was given
early. That gave ample time to assemble both the
regular and the auxiliary water police units. The
chief receiyed reports from all fire districts of
auxiliary water police, announcing complete as-
sembly 10 minutes before the raid started. No
action was required, however, except that district
2 furnished rescue and first-aid units to assist the
stricken residential areas northwest of the har-
bor, This raid induced the auxiliary police to un-
dergo a period of refresher training and drills.

c. The most successful operation of this organ-
ization took place during the second raid, 26
April 1945, although most of their efforts were
devoted to rescue work. Auxiliary boats assisted
in extinguishing 8 ship fires and in the rescue
and evacuation of 80 seriously wounded and of
several hundred slightly wounded personnel.

d. Hmergency Medical. Each of the five emer-
gency hospitals, established by the auxiliary
units was staffed by a doctor, nurses, and nurses’
aids. Their equipment and supplies were inade-
quate and their story can be found in another
section of this report under “Emergency Medical
Services”. The responsibility of the rescuers
ended with the delivery of casualties to the first-
aid hospital.

e. Shelters. A large number of so-called shel-
ters for use by the general public and harbor em-
ployees was constructed in the vicinity of the
ferry landings and the principal wharves. They
were shallow excavations covered with timbers
and about + feet of earth and gravel. They had a
crowded capacity of 40 to 50 persons. One inei-
dent only was reported of a direct high-explosive
hit where 20 dead were identified. It was said
that ship crews were required to stand by for the
protection of their ships but that the majority of
most crews would evacuate to seek shore shelters
upon observing or hearing an alarm signal. This
led to the practice, on the part of both the regular
water police and the auxiliary water police, of
devoting their energies to rescue work and clear-
ance of channels, rather than to ship fire-fighting,
merely making sure that burning ships did not
sink in the traffic channels.

{. Passive Defense Measures. Camouflage was
strongly advocated and required by regulations,
but few examples of effective camouflage were ob-
served. The use of smoke screens was frequently
discussed by the harbor air-raid-protection coun-
cil, but no equipment nor material was ever made
available,

g. Ferries, Numerous passenger ferries plied
across the harbor heavily loaded with passengers,
but this service was reduced to one ferry in late
evening and during the night. Regulations pro-
vided for ferry traffic to cease upon the sounding
of the “air-raid” signal, but traffic continued un-
der the “alert” condition and even under the
“air-raid” condition to complete a passage, if the
ferry was already under way. One such ferry,
heavily loaded, received a direct hit near shore
killing 139 passengers.

h. The Atomic Bomb Attack, The water aux-
iliary police and fire units were warned by an
“airraid alert” at 0740, 9 August 1945. At 0750
came the “airraid”’ alarm which remained in
effect until 0830 at which time the “release-from-
air-raid” signal was given, but the auxiliary units
remained mobilized throughout the morning. The
flash of the explosion 2 miles from the head of
the harbor was observed by the chief of the water
police. The air pressure blast from the explosion
flattened seven warehouses in the immediate vi.
cinity of his station and small ships riding
throughout the harbor were pushed over and
sunk as if by a giant hand. The chief of the water
police issued orders to all hands to take shelter
or cover. When the subsequent fires broke out in
innumerable places, the auxiliary subunits were
found to be completely disorganized, many had
deserted in fright to seek their homes or better
shelter. No records were obtainable of harbor
personnel casualties and most of the distressed
persons on the water were left to shift for them-
selves. Recovery and reorganization were grad-
ually accomplished over a period of several hows,
many of the auxiliary subunits, too late to assist
in the harbor, were diverted to rescue work in the
devastated areas, where 4 days were required to
extinguish the fires, and 10 days for rescue, treat-
ment, and evacuation of casualties.

4. Comments. The organization

for emer-

61

gency air-rvaid protection in this harbor, though
far from perfect, was superior to that of the har-
bors previously studied, and the performance was
creditable. Through the first five high-explosive
and incendiary bomb raids, they demonstrated
their effectiveness in water rescue but their weak-
ness in fire fighting. The latter was understand.
able after an inspection of their fire-fighting
equipment. The assistance of the regular fire de-
partment at scenes of shore fires was ineffective
due to inferior and inadequate water supply, and
no effective heads were possible by pumping from
the bay with the equipment that they possessed.
The complete breakdown on 9 August was inex-
cusable even in the face of the awe-inspiring spec-
tacle of the atomic explosion. The water police
and the auxiliary water police were already mo-
bilized and because of distance and sheer good
fortune, neither organization suffered more than
minor casualties and their equipment, although
basically inadequate, was largely intact. The
failure here was definitely attributable to lack of
discipline and authoritative leadership. Equip-
ment for meeting the atomic, as well as previous
raids, was woefully inadequate, but the policies of
training, leadership and control were not strong
enough to hold the personnel on the job in the
face of a new form of attack, even though defense
personnel were subjected to less personal injury
or danger than in previous attacks.

V. PASSIVE DEFENSE INSTALLATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
PROTECTIVE LIGHTING

1. Introduction. Since light control (Toka
Kansei) was patterned after the national regula-
tions put out by the Ministry of Home Affairs, its
details in Nagasaki were very similar to those re-
ported in the Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto field reports,
except that the time of application of the many
phases varied slightly. Another difference found
was that the instructions putting the various
phases into effect reached the prefectural govern
ment through the regional governor (Kyushu
Chiho) instead of directly from the Ministry of
Hlome Affairs.

2. Bnforcement. The national light control
regulation issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs
in April 1988, remained unchanged, except for
varying degrees of enforcement as the war pro
gressed. In the period from 1938 to 1941 there
were occasional air-raid drills, sponsored by the
military and usually held once or twice a year at
the time of army maneuvers. The public, as well
as industry, were requested to provide themselves
with blackout curtains for windows, and shields
for lighting units and to be ready to cooperate in

drills. Those not having shields or curtains were
to extinguish their lights. Immediately after

Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941), the prefectural
governor, acting on instructions, issued orders to
extinguish all unnecessary outside lights, includ
ing neon and other advertising signs, display
lighting, and lights in parks and around shrines,
(Such reduction was reported to have been made
in Osaka during 1939 and 1940.) A drive was put
on in January 1948, to shield street lights and all
other lights that were contributing to sky glow.
(Such a drive was put on in Osaka in 1942 and in
Kyoto and Kobe in April 1948.) Gate lights were
completely extinguished by orders, dated 8 April
1948. The nightly application of the “alert” light
control conditions between sunset at 2200 hours,
the “alarm” light control condition between 2200
hours and midnight, and complete blackout after
midnight was made effective some time during
the fall of 1944. In March 1945 it was decreed
locally that light control conditions applicable to
the airraid-alarm signal would be put into effect

62

as far as practicable immediately upon the sound-

ing of the “alert.” The reason therefor was
Nagasaki’s exposed position on the coast of

Kyushu Island and the possibility that raids
might come through with little or no adyance
warning. This change in the light control rules
applied only in part to factories, in order to have
only a minimum interrupation of production.

3. Public Cooperation, Cooperation from the
public was poor until after the night raid on 1
August 1944. Thereafter, cooperation on light
control was good,

4. Lighting Conditions. Exhibit / gives per-
tinent data on lighting conditions in Nagasaki,
and further shows the decrease in lighting due to
the application of some of the preparatory light
control measures immediately after Pearl Harbor
and the application of additional restrictions in
1945, 1944, and 1945,

5. Street Lighting. There were three systems
of street lighting in Nagasaki: That provided by
the street car company for those streets on which
their cars operated; the common system covering
the other main streets: and the gate lights in the
residential area, which consisted of a light pro-
vided by each home at the gate or doorway. A
porcelain-enameled, steel dome-shaped~ reflector
was the typical lighting fixture for both the street
car company and the common system. Very little
additional shielding was required to meet the spe
cified 140° maximum cone of light distribution of
the national regulation, particularly with the re-
duction of lamp size and the consequent raising
of the position of the filament in the reflector.

6. Vehicles. Regulations governing vehicles
were identical with the regulations cited in other
reports, namely, the general brightness of head-
lights of all vehicles was reduced in 1948 and all
headlights were further dimmed under “alert”
conditions and extinguished under “alarms,” and
only those emergency vehicles suitably equipped
with an appropriate cloth cover could move dur-
ing the “air-raid” period,

7. Railroads. Railroads were to dim lights to
the minimum upon the sounding of the “alert”

and to extinguish or blackout all lights, except
shielded signal lights at reduced voltage, during
“air-raid” status.

8. Factories. There was considerable exterior
industrial lighting in Nagasaki requiring special
attention, in order to have minimum interruption
of production with some degree of safety. Flood-
lights and other highly revealing exterior lights
around shipyards extinguished at the
“alert”. Factories worked with lights dimmed
and windows blackened out after the “alarm” was
sounded until time they were warned of the pres-
ence of planes by their watchers or by other
means. Despite the absence of night raids after
the one in the summer of 1944, alarms caused by
planes in the vicinity resulted in considerable in
terruption of night production. There were no
industrial flames in Nagasaki worry
such as Bessemer converters, and others burning
volatile gases.

9. Harbor Lighting. Ships in the harbor were
to reduce the intensity of their lights under
“alert” conditions and to extinguish or black out
all lights upon the sounding of the “air-raid”
alarm. Only 10 marker lights, located in the
inner harbor, were in use. These were shielded
from view from above and were allowed to burn
until the time of the alarm. The lighthouse and
the buoys in the outer harbor were extinguished
early in the war, some as early as 1987, and the
last one by August 1944.

10. Home Lighting.

were

to cause

There weie two types of

residential electric lighting service: one, the sery-
ice to the fixed-rate customer where three or four
outlets were supplied to a residence without being
metered, and the customer was charged on the
basis of 20 watts per outlet; and the other, the
metered service. The power consumption figures
shown in Exhibit / reveal the small amount of
illumination used in the average Japanese home,
and how light control measures further reduced
their night seeing ability and efficiency. Each
home was expected to install blackout curtains
and suitable shields to prevent direct light from
falling on windows or other openings.

11. Comments. Complete ignorance on the
part of the general public and on the part of
local civilian authorities as to the use of elec:
tronic means of guiding planes to targets gave
them a misplaced confidence in the effectiveness of
blackout. . In view of this, and of Nagasaki’s
exposed location, the system of going into “alarm”
light control status at the sounding of the “alert”,
from March 1945, and of the three phases of black:
out from the spring of 1944, is understandable.
The institution of these two measures, particu-
larly the former, drastically interfered with pro-
duction, especially in the shipyards where oper
required the extensive of exterior
lights. Because the first raid on Nagasaki was a
night raid and some of the planes dropped bombs
completely missing the town, the public believed
in the effectiveness of blackout and cooperated

ations use

fully in its enforcement,

SHELTERS

1. Introduction, The purpose of this report is
to show how the national policy on shelter pro-
visions was carried out, to indicate any variations
from it, and to portray the various types of shel-
ters constructed for family and public use in
Nagasaki. Special consideration will be given to
presentation of material describing the adequacy
of types of shelters against the effects of the
atomic bomb and to present information gathered
from individuals who were in these shelters at
the time of the explosion of the atomie bomb. The
channel of directives and authority followed the
same linés as reported in Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto.

2. Development. a. The responsibility for the
planning, construction, and location of shelters
in Nagasaki was vested in the engineering depart-
ment of the city government. In October 1943 a

63

directive was received from the Ministry of Home
Affairs which ordered each family to construct
a shelter and the city to construct covered trench
and tunnel-type shelters. The topography of
Nagasaki lent itself readily to the construction of
the latter-type shelters.

b. City officials stated that by 1944 each fam-
ily had built a shelter, but that most of them
offered only temporary shelter so that in 1944 the
city began a program to construct tunnel shelters
to provide protection for about 75,000 persons.

ce. The plan for financing a construction pro-
gram of tunnel shelters was for the city to con-
strnet and pay for the shelters and then to be
reimbursed by the national government for two-
thirds of the cost, but up to November 1945, the
national government had not paid any part of the

Photo 25. Concrete entrance
and baffle wall to a tunnel-type
shelter built into the side of a
hill. No reinforcement inside.
Built by and for the people of
Obunamachi block association,
Nagasaki City. Capacity 1,000
persons.

G4

Photo 24. Tunnel-type, tim-
ber-reinforced shelter dug into
the wall of the terraced park-
ing lot of the Nagasaki Prefec-
ture courthouse. Entrance also
from the opposite end. Built
by the city for the public.

Photo 26. One entrance to the
city constructed shelter dug
into the hill in front of the
Nagasaki City library.

Photo 27. Another entrance
to the above public shelter.

cost. The tunnel shelters to be constructed by
the block association were to be financed by the
block association’s furnishing the labor and pay
ing for one-half of the material, while the city
would pay the cost of the other half of the ma
terial,
its share of the shelters constructed in 1944, but

Up to November 1945, the city had paid

has not paid any part of its share for those con
structed in 1945,

3. Types of Shelters. a. Family. The home
type of shelter was usually nothing but a hole
about 3 feet deep dug beneath the house sufficient
ly large to accommodate the family. Some had
sidewalls braced with timber but most often there
was no shoring at all. Under raid conditions,
these shelters became death traps, since both en
trances were inside the house. Sometimes the

family shelter was constructed in the yard or

other open space. In that case it was usually
a semisurface type, reinforced and braced with
timber, and covered with 2 to 3 feet of small
stones and dirt.

b. Semipublic Shelters. Basements of the
more heavily constructed buildings were used as
shelters for the general public, but no additional
reinforcement was added to them.

e. Publie. (1)

shelters were of the same general type of con

Uneovered Trench, These
struction, capacity and location as noted in other
target cities. By 1945, a large percentage of them
had been covered with wooden boards and about
one to two feet of earth.

(2) Covered Trench. The city and the block
associations built 1160 of this type shelter which
had approximately the same dimensions, capacity,

Photo 28. Concrete shelter built under the terraced mountainside. Built by the prefecture and used as the Nagasaki
Prefecture air-defense headquarters and control center.

Photo 29. Workers breaking
down a concrete shelter built
for and by the railroad em-
ployees. Nagasaki Station, Na”
gasaki City.

67

Photo 30. Concrete square
shelter built for and by the
navy personnel located at Na-
gasaki port. Concrete thick-
ness at the base approximately
4 feet, tapered to 3 feet on top.
Roof is of 2 feet by 2 feet
planks, reinforced by approxi-
mately 1 foot of concrete and 4
feet of dirt at the thickest point.

and reinforced construction as those described
in previous reports.

(3) Tunnel, The hills on which the greater
part of Nagasaki was built, being composed large
ly of clay and limestone, offered excellent oppor
tunity for the construction of tunnel-type shel
ters. During 1944 and 1945, the city built about
6°84 miles of tunnel shelters and the block associa
tions constructed about 8% miles. Approximately
50 percent of these shelters were reinforced with
heavy timbers and most of them had the entrances
well protected by batfle walls. (Photos 24-25.)
Two of these tunnel shelters constructed by the
city were of reinforced concrete with the walls
about 11% feet thick. The tunnels were divided
into about 10 rooms, had a roof covering of 30 to

50 feet of earth and were equipped with elec

tricity, seating arrangements, sanitary facilities,
and two concrete updraft ventilators. The capac-

ity of each was about 600 persons. These con

12'—4 |
8
m
|
A» SUBJECT FIGURE !
INTERVIEWED
X=CASUALTY
O= UNINJURED me |

ENTRANCE

crete shelters had three well protected entrances
with an additional emergency exit. (Photos 26
nr

27.) The city had planned to construct a number

Photo 31. The dimensions and design of the shelter and the location of the persons at the time of the explosion are indi-
cated on Figure 1. The approximate location of the subject is marked “A” and the locations of the others are marked with

oe

the symbols “x” and “o”, Additional persons were outside the entrance.

of these concrete shelters but the shortage of steel
and cement compelled them to use timber for re-
inforcement.

(4) Special Shelters.
Nagasaki was located in a shelter constructed
along the specifications described in the preceding
(Photo 28.)
previous reports, cement and steel were not avail
able to the public after 1943, but it was observed

paragraph. As stated above and in

that in many cases the military and industries en
gaged in war production were able to secure those
materials to build shelters which would afford
very good protection for their personnel. ( Photos
29-30.)

Atomic Bomb Experiences

4. The purpose of this section of the report is
to present the observations, opinions, reactions,

——_—<—
yp.

The control center of

and effects undergone by a small group of in-
dividuals working in tunnel shelters at the time
of the atomic bomb explosion. In addition, it
presents the opinions of individuals and shelter
officials who had made observations and investi
gations with regard to the protection afforded
against atomic bombs by certain types of tunnel
shelters. [exhibit #7 lists subjects interviewed who
were in shelters at time of atomic bomb explo-
sion,

a. Subject “A” and a number of other persons
were working in a shelter located in the north
side of an elevation, about 20 to 25 feet high, with
the entrance approximately 200 yards from the
estimated center of the bomb impact. The shel-
ter did not have a baffle wall protecting the en
trance, although material had been secured for

that purpose. (Shelter 1, Exhibit G, and Photo

Photo 32. Shelter on which “B,” “C,” and “D” were working.

31.) Subject “A” was standing with her back to-
ward the entrance when the explosion occurred.
She was knocked over by the blast and was
burned on the back of the legs and on the upper
part of right arm, The scars remaining from the
burns had the appearance of dark brown blotches
which usually result from burns inflicted by hot

8,0," SUBJECTS INTERVIEWED
x* CASUALTIES
o* UNINJURED

eee
$y ilies eee

emcee TT mplet

FIGURE NO. 2

ENTRANCES

sparks. Subject “A” had been wearing cotton
slacks of a dark green color which she had rolled
up above her knees, and a sleeveless shirt. No
burns were inflicted on any part of her body
which was covered by clothing. Subject “A”
stated that she has suffered no ill effects other
than the burns. The persons working in the 12 foot
T-section of the tunnel suffered no injuries or
after-effects. A woman working at the spot in-
dicated by “x” was facing the entrance and was
burned on the face, arms, and upper part of the
chest but she recovered and was not suffering any
after-effects. All of the persons outside of the
shelter were burned to death and an examination
of their bodies indicated that all clothing had
been burned off, flesh was charred and burned off
in many places, tongues were hanging out, and
eyeballs and teeth were knocked out as if from
heavy pressure.

b. Subjects “B,’ “C,’ and “D,” with about
20 other persons, were working on a shelter which
was on an abrupt bank with an elevation of 50 to
60 feet (Photo 32) located about 600 yards di-
rectly west of the center of bomb impact. (Shelter
2, Exhibit G.) They were working in shifts with
about eight persons inside the shelter and the rest
outside at the time of the explosion. The type
of shelter and locations of the subjects and the
others in the shelter at the time of the explosion
are indicated on figure 2.

Subject “B,” who was in charge of the group,
was thrown backward against the wall of the tun-
nel and was stunned for a brief period of time,
but suffered no injuries. As soon as he was able,
he went to investigate the condition of the people
outside and found that all of them were badly
burned and had their skin torn off in shreds, but
that some of them had been able to walk or crawl
into one of the shelter entrances. He realized
that he could do nothing for them, so he went
back into the shelter to do what he could for those
inside. <All of the persons on the outside died
within a two-day period, and those who had been
given water died almost immediately. Subjects
“CO” and “D” were both knocked over by the blast
and stunned for a short period. Subject “B” re-
ceived no burns or any other injuries, but he has
had a tired feeling from which he does not seem
to be able to recover, and also has suffered from
“gas on the stomach.” The only effect suffered by
subject “C” was considerable bleeding of the
teeth. Subject “D” suffered from diarrhea for
about a month after the blast and seemed to catch
cold very quickly. The persons whose locations
are indicated by “X” were burned on the back
and swelled up, but all of them have recovered
with no apparent ill effects. The persons whose

UPPER ENTRANCE

FIGURE NO. 3

25°UPWARD SLOPE

£ + SUBJECT INTERVIEWED
x* CASUALTY
o* UNINJURED

—_—————— 80-60

LOWER ENTRANCE

location is indicated by “O” suffered no injuries
or ill effects. All of the subjects saw a flash and
indicated that the blast was very hot. When they
attempted to go out of the shelter the whole area
was enveloped in a black or gray smoke through
which they could see flames shooting high into
the air.

Ts van
-

”
—_—

Photo 33. The positions of the individuals in the shelter are indicated on figure 3.

ce. Subject “Bb.” This man was working with
his wife and four other women at a shelter which
was located on the side of the mountain about 800

FIGURE NO 4
x* CASUALTY

O* UNINJURED

ENTRANCES

BAFFLE WALL

yards from the center of impact. The subject was
digging dirt which the women were carrying out.
This shelter was built into a hill of clay and lime-

stone and was not reinforced. Its capacity was

about 300. A baffle wall which protected the en-
trance was blown into the tunnel as a result of
the blast. (Shelter 3, Exhibit G, and Photo 38.)

Subject “E” felt the blast only slightly. His
cap was blown off and the light was blown out.
He has suffered no ill effects. His wife who was
working at practically the same spot with him
was uninjured. She was pregnant and has since
been examined by a doctor who advised her that
there were no apparent injuries to her or to the
unborn child. The woman who was at the loca-
tion marked the “X” was slightly burned and
knocked over by the blast, but she has fully re-
covered with no apparent ill effects. The three
other women were outside the shelter and were
killed by falling building debris. Subject “EB”
came out of the shelter about 1 or 2 minutes after
the blast and everything was covered with a black
or gray smoke; trees had been uprooted and
burned, and all houses had collapsed.

Photo 34. The shelter and location of individuals are indicated in figure 4.

d. Subject “F’. This individual was an engi-
neer employed by the city of Nagasaki to super-
vise the construction of tunnel shelters. He was
not in a shelter at the time of the explosion but
was at the shelter on the afternoon of the day of
the explosion. (Shelter 4, Exhibit G, and Photo
34.) There were about 15 persons (indicated by
“X’s”) standing in the entrances, who were
killed as a result of the blast and the driving of
the baffle wall into the shelter entrance. About
20 persons (indicated by “O’s”) who were in the
part of the tunnel connecting the two entrances
were only slightly burned and injured, and have
recovered without any apparent ill effects. This
shelter was about 800 yards from the center of
impact.

e. Subject “G.’ This man was in a shelter
constructed in a manner similar to the one shown
in figure 2. He was in the same approximate lo-
cation in this shelter as occupied by “D” in figure
2. He was unharmed but has been affected with
diarrhea at» various times since the explosion.
(Shelter 5, Exhibit G.)

f. Subject “H This man was on a truck at

the time of the explosion on a main highway
about 1,500 yards from the center of the impact.
He saw a blue light flash, similar to that of a spark
plug, and immediately ducked his head, The blast
threw him against the side of the truck, cutting
his head. The driver of the truck was also in-
jured and in addition was burned on the side of
the arm. The other occupant was only slightly
hurt and all three of them survived. The truck
was blown off the road into a rice field and turned
over on its side. Subject “H” further revealed
that he suffered from diarrhea for 3 or 4 days
following the blast and has been constantly both-
ered by a tired feeling.
Comments. a. All of the subjects clearly
indicated that upon coming out of the shelters
the whole area was covered by a black or gray-
ish smoke through which they were able to see
flames shooting into the air.

b. A large percentage of the subjects were
affected with diarrhea as a result of the explosion.

ce. It appeared as though clothing afforded
some protection against burns when individuals
were given additional shelter and protection,

d. It was the opinion of all of the subjects in-
terviewed and of civilian defense officials ques.
tioned that if the people had been in the types of
tunnel shelters as shown in figures 1 to 4, inclusive,
and had taken the proper position therein (not in

~
oo.

73

the entrance) that most of them would have suf.
fered little or no injury and no apparent after-
effects. This theory is further strengthened by
statements from officials who estimated that about
400 persons were in tunnel shelters at the time of
the explosion and that about 300 of them were un-
harmed or only slightly injured because they had
taken the properly designated positions and had
remained in those locations for a reasonable
period of time after the explosion. Figure 5 is a
plan of a tunnel shelter which Nagasaki officials
believed would offer a maximum of protection from
the effects of atomic bomb blasts, if the explosion
ocewrs in the air.

e. It has been variously estimated that by
over-crowding there were suflicient tunnel type

FIGURE NO.5

ae

ENTRANCES

Sheds

shelters in Nagasaki to accommodate approxi-
mately 50 percent of its population at the time of
the atomic bomb,

f. Investigation revealed that tunnel shelters
of all types stood up very well from the blast and
concussion of the atomic bomb, With the excep-
tion of baffle walls being blown into the entrances
of the shelters, none of the tunnels collapsed. This
situation was true even of those shelters which
had no timber reinforcement. The pictures on
the following page illustrate the conditions of
tunnel shelters located 35 to 50 yards from the
center of impact of the atomic bomb,

g. The probable reasons accounting for the
small number of persons in shelters are:

(1) The day preceding the dropping of the
atomic bomb the people of Nagasaki were ordered
to shelters by an “alert” and “alarm” of several
hours duration, caused by planes which later were
found to be headed elsewhere.

(2) Many had taken shelter early in the morn-
ing and, since no raid had developed, had re-

Photo 36. Pictures showing conditions of tunnel shelter entrances located 35 to 50 yards from
the center of impact of the atomic bomb.

74

turned to their homes to prepare lunch and as-
sume other normal activities.

(8) Because of the proximity of adequate
shelters it was the tendency of many persons to
seek shelter only after the appearance of planes
in raid formation.

(4) The planes overhead at the time of the
atomic bomb was dropped followed the pattern of
reconnaissance — flights
learned not to fear.

(5) In addition to the above reasons, which
can be termed direct violations of regulations and

which the people had

disregard of training (“Conduct of the Public
During Air Raids”), the military authorities
failed in their responsibility by (1) not advising
the people of Nagasaki of the possibility of fur-
ther raids similar to that made upon Hiroshima
on 6 August 1945; (2) not directing all the public
to take shelter when the appropriate signal was
sounded; and (3) not ordering the “alarm” sig-
nal, inasmuch as it had been demonstrated that
a single plane now could carry a destructive
force equal to or greater than that carried by a
large flight of planes.

ORGANIZATION—GAS DEFENSE

MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT

WELFARE SECTION

HEALTH DEPT.
GAS DEFENSE

PHARMACIST

- - - Indicates issuance of orders

713677—47—6

POLICE DEPT. AON HEALTH SECTION

SANITATION
SECTION

GAS DEFENSE

SQUADS (36)

PREFECTURAL
GOVERNMENT

AUXILIARY
POLICE AND
FIRE UNITS

GAS DEFENSE
SECTION

PHARMACIST (2)

FIRST-AID
SQUADS (36)

GAS PROTECTION SERVICE

1. Introduction. Essentially the same situa-
tion was found in Nagasaki as at other places
that have been surveyed, namely, that as early as
the “Manchurian Incident”, interest in protection
against poisonous gases ran high, but that as the
war progressed to the point where the United
States became involved, the impression that gas
would not be used gained momentum and was ae-
companied by a corresponding and progressive
lack of interest in gas defense. The whole gas
defense program, with the exception of the pur-
chase of gas masks, was therefore affected ac-
cordingly.

2. Organization, The formal organization for
protection against poisonous gases did not take
deep root below the level of the prefectural and
municipal governments. Even at that level the
organization was not clearly defined. The total
force assigned full time to this work consisted of
three pharmacists, one of whom was furnished by
the air-defense organization of the city of Naga-
saki, and the other two by the prefectural health
department. These three men worked as a single
unit regardless of their affiliation (Page 129). On
the lower echelon, under the sanitation section of
the police department, there were 36 gas defense
squads, of 5 to 10 men each, There were also 36
first-aid squads which gave some attention to gas-
defense technique.

3. Functions and duties. Although it was
said at first that the sole duty of the pharmacists
in charge was to teach the use of gas masks, it
developed later in the questioning that they per-
formed other important duties, including the pro-
curement and distribution of gas masks, and
teaching members of the auxiliary police and fire
units the characteristic smells of different kinds
of poisonous gases. The pharmacists were not,
however, alone in their efforts to instruct the pub-
lic in the use of gas masks. Various elements of
the air-defense program taught that along with
other air-defense measures. Also the air-defense
general headquarters (Boku Sohombu) of the
Ministry of Home Affairs occasionally sent repre-
sentatives to the city, who assembled everyone
concerned with air defense and taught them the
use of gas masks. The latter then carried the in-
structions down through the block leaders and
auxiliary police and fire units, who in turn in-
structed the neighborhood group leaders, and they
finally taught the individual families. The train-

76

ing program was also supplemented by printed in-
structions which accompanied each mask.

4. Gas Masks. As indicated in paragraph one,
interest in the procurement of gas masks de-
veloped as early as 1934. At that time, however,
there were no gas masks. Production began on a
large scale in 1988, when 250 masks were pur-
chased by the city of Nagasaki and sold to one
or more members of each block association. Be-
tween 1938 and 1944 there were 119,651 gas masks
acquired by the people of Nagasaki City—enough
to supply nearly 50 percent of the population, But
since there were no sizes to fit children, this num-
ber probably provided one for nearly every adult.
The large number of masks purchased by the pub-
lic would seem to indicate a popular demand for
them, but the circumstances leave some doubt in
regard to that conclusion. At the insistence of
the Tokyo government, large numbers of masks
were manufactured, and because interest in gas
protection went down as production went up, the
manufacturers had large stocks of gas masks
which they wanted to liquidate, Pressure was put
upon the local airdefense units to sell these
masks to the people, and quotas were set for each
block association in accordance with the popula-
tion. The block leaders decided who could pay
full price for the masks, and who could not, and
the price for the latter group was marked down.
The average price for the several models was 3.50
yen, of which 2.50 yen was normally paid by the
individual and the remaining cost divided be-
tween the Tokyo government and the city govern-
ment. The peak of gas mask distribution was in
1942. Apportionment of gas masks was made by
the air-defense general headquarters of the Minis-
try of Home Affairs, and masks were shipped to
the city from either the Osaka or the Fukuoka
supply depot. They were then apportioned and
distributed through the usual channels down to
the neighborhood leaders who finally delivered
them to the people, collected the money, and
turned it over to the city.

Equipment Other Than Gas Masks. It was
found that some attention had been given to gas-
proof clothing for workers who might be exposed
to gaseous atmospheres, The record shows a total of
170 such suits, each consisting of hat, coat, pants,
gloves and shoes, as having been secured by the
city of Nagasaki (Photos 37-38.) They were
placed in a city warehouse and were to be let out

Photo 37. Illustration show-
ing front view of a suit of
rubber clothing to be used for
protection against poison gas.
The material is a thin, non-
chemically treated rubber and
could not have withstood snag-
ging and other types of rough
usage.

ae

Photo 38. Rear view of suit
pictured above.

for use upon order from a responsible authority.
For detection of poison gases, the city had four
test kits (the same as used in Osaka). (or de-
tails see Osaka report.)
local units, but only as a means of demonstrating
to the members of the auxiliary police and fire
units the odors that characterized the more com.
mon poison gases which might be encountered.
When shown a list of equipment which the better
organized gas defense squads were supposed to
have (“Gas Protection Service” of Kobe report),
the informants stated that most of those articles
were possessed by the auxiliary police and fire
units. They had not been acquired, however, spe-
cifically for gas-protection purposes, but rather
for general rescue and first-aid work.

6. Decontamination, There were no plans for
decontamination other than the use of calcium
hypochlorite (bleaching powder) in the event
that lewisite or mustard gas should be used.

They were not for use by

7. Construction. Reference was made in ya-
rious interviews to gas-proof air-raid shelters of
which there were said to be six. Two of these
were inspected and found to be nothing more than
ordinary basement shelters with steel doors and
gasket fittings for the exclusion of gas. These
doors would have kept out gas, but they would
also have excluded air which was essential to the
lives of any who might have sought shelter there.
These shelters possessed no means whatever of
exchange ventilation whereby fresh air could be
admitted and foul air removed, nor could air be
brought in without admitting gas at the same
time.

8. Comment. Since gas was not used at any
time there is no way of determining how effec-
tive the gas-protection program would have been,
The rudimentary structure of the organization,
however, would under strain inevitably have dem-
onstrated inherent weaknesses, if not utter fu
tility.

CAMOUFLAGE

1. Jutroduction. The story on camouflage
(Giso) in Nagasaki was almost a duplication of
the camouflage story reported in the Osaka, Kobe
and Kyoto field reports, except that in Nagasaki
the camouflaging was done at a much later date.
The army did paint a few oil tanks around 1939
to achieve a certain degree of camouflaging, but
it was not until August 1944 that the Ministry
of Home Affairs, at the suggestion of the military,
requested the prefectural government to have
some of the more conspicuous buildings camou-
flaged, and almost all of the work was done be-
tween then and March 1945. Prior to August
1944, owners of a few of the smaller factories did
some painting on their own initiative which might
have been considered camouflage.

2. Local Situation, The prefectural govern-
ment’s order of August 1944 put into effect the
camouflage regulations previously issued by the
Ministry of Home Affairs. These regulations
were the same as the regulations issued in Osaka
under the name of the Osaka prefectural govern
ment, and included in the Osaka field report as Ex-
hibit S. These regulations, as in the other lo-
calities, were classified “secret” and distributed
only to police chiefs, certain municipal govern-
ment officials, owners of factories and large build.
ings, and a few essential persons. Theoretically.

the governor of the prefecture was responsible for
camouflage, but his responsibility had been dele:
gated, and in Nagasaki, the camouflage expert
working with the prefectural police and the aux-
iliary police and fire units was a civil engineer
employed by the prefectural government. Al-
though in complete charge of camouflage, this in-
dividual had no special training in the subject,
had only the general engineering background of
his profession, had never been up in a plane or
had the opportunity of studying aerial photo-
graphs of the town and vicinity, and his only
information on camouflage was that obtained
from reading the regulations and occasional
bulletins put out by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

3. Types of Camouflage. Only two types of
camouflage were found: one, the use of paint on
buildings, either black or gray, or dirty brown or
green, to darken the buildings in an attempt to
blend them into the background of the locality,
and paint applied in various patterns in an effort
to break up plane surfaces; and second, the use
of nets or screens to conceal possible targets. Only
two examples of the latter were found: one, the
use of fish nets supported on wires to conceal the
characteristic rectangular pattern of the filtva-
tion ponds at the waterworks; and second, the
use of bamboo poles to hide the characteristic

cylindrical shape of oil tanks.
type of camouflage most extensively used.

Painting was the
The
camouflage expert conceived the idea of floating
shrubs on bamboo rafts in an attempt to create
a false impression of the contour of the coast line
and thereby to throw off the planes, but actually
nothing was done in this matter. Because some
of the planes attacking Nagasaki in the first raid
and
the

roof

of July 1944, missed the town completely
dumped their loads up on the mountains,
“expert” got the idea of erecting imitation
tops and a few dummy lights at a point on the
mountain about 3 miles outside the town, hoping
Be

cause of the lack of official support and the short-

to attract future night raids to that point.

ages of material, particularly the latter, this idea
never progressed beyond the stage of building one

or two sample roofs and selecting an appropriate
site where power needed for the lights could be
brought in readily.

4. Faetory Camouflage. Nagasaki had
very large manufacturing concerns, the Mitsu-
bishi Co. (steel mill, dockyards, arms factory, and

two

electrical apparatus) and the Kawanami Koyo
gyima Co. (dockyards); approximately 23 other
manufacturers employing 25 or more people; also
the

Only the larger two had any camou-

innumerable smaller industries, largely of
home type.
flaging and only part of their buildings were
treated. The camouflaging used was largely flat
black paint applied solidly, or in blocks to allow
lighter shades to show through in an attempt to
imitate the residential roof top pattern, or an
irregular pattern in colors in an effort to hide

Photo 39. Photograph of one of the wings of the University hospital at Nagasaki, showing method of camouflage by apply-
ing black paint over portions of the yellow stucco finish. It was hoped to achieve an appearance of grayness at a distance
to blend the building into the dark hills in the background.

79

edges of buildings and create a confusion. No
attempt was made to hide large gas tanks, ship
building cranes, drydocks or railroad yards,

5. Other Buildings. In addition to the fae-
tories, 15 other buildings in Nagasaki were camou-
flaged as follows:

a. NSehools. Seven out of the 25 schools in
town were camouflaged. The treatment varied
with their normal finish, size, and location. Two
jarge buildings in the center of town, finished in
2 yellowish stucco, had flat black paint applied in
blocks 10- to 20-feet square, a similar size block
being left unpainted in an endeavor to imitate
the roof pattern of the neighboring houses. Three
larger schools having a neutral gray stucco finish
were darkened with a flat black and gray paint
applied so as to permit rectangular and square
sections of the natural finish to show through.
Two smaller buildings were painted flat black to
merge them into the neighboring dark buildings.

b. Hospitals. Of the five larger hospitals only
the University hospital was camouflaged. Black
paint was applied over the yellowish stucco finish
except that the natural finish was allowed to show
through in yertical stripes, the purpose being to
create a grayness at a distance and to break up
the larger plane surfaces. (Photo 39.)

¢. Public Buildings. The three principal pub-
lic buildings, the prefectural government building,
the municipal government building, and the cus-
toms house, were all camouflaged. Their natural
gray stucco was toned down by the application of
matte black, allowing sections of the natural fin-
ish to show through in a block pattern.

d. Office Buildings. The Mitsubishi building,
a 4-story yellow brick structure, was darkened by
black paint, with a relief created by allowing cer-
tain vertical rows of bricks to show through. This
was to create an illusion of grayness at a distance,
The electric company building, finished in a white-
face brick, was treated in the same manner, The
Business Men’s Club, a 4-story red brick building,
was painted a solid black. The broadcasting sta-

tion, a neutral gray stucco building, was painted
black in the block pattern to imitate the neighbor-
This building was directly
under two very conspicuous radio towers and no
attempt was made to hide them.

e. Other Buildings. A few other buildings
were painted in a manner to meet the camouflage
requirements, but no record was kept by the pre-
fectural government, since these buildings had
been camouflaged on the initiative of their owners
and not at the request of the government.

6. Other Camouflage. The only camouflaging

other than the painting described above, was the
use of the fish nets at the water works and the
bamboo poles over the small oil tanks which
already have been mentioned. None of the harbor
installations camouflaged. Nothing was
done to change the appearance of any of the
natural landmarks or of the features typical to
steel production or ship building.
Local authorities felt
that the relatively small size of Nagasaki was the
main reason for the late date on which orders
were issued to camouflage buildings in that town.
Sven with this lateness (August 1944) it was
interesting to note that the camouflage instrue-
tions originally written in 1941 and designed to
protect against the sporadic type of raid of one or
a few planes visually seeking some principal
target, was not changed. Hither the Japanese
were still not expecting mass raids, or their plan-
ning was too inflexible to allow changes to meet
altered conditions. The camouflage as applied to
the buildings in Nagasaki was a waste both of
manpower and materials as it gave no protection
against the type of raids Japan experienced. The
inconsistency of the camouflaging or of the Japa-
nese mind is exemplified by their completely hid-
ing two small oil tanks with a cover of bamboo
poles, while directly across the street, less than
300 feet away, were two huge gas tanks com-
pletely exposed.

ing roof patterns,

was

7. General Comments.

CONDUCT OF THE PUBLIC DURING RAIDS

1. Introduction. Regulations issued on a na-
tional level by the Ministry of Hlome Affairs were
relayed to the prefectural government through
the regional governor (Kyusho Chiho). Varia-
tions needed to meet local conditions were met
by directions of the prefectural police.

80

2. Planned Conduct. Newspapers, radios,
posters, and other publicity means, activities of
the auxiliary police and fire unit, neighborhood
groups, and other civilian defense units were the
means used to inform the publie regarding their

expected conduct. The “alert” signal was in-

tended to be a warning signal only, to alert the
people and to cause as little interference with
normal living as possible. Those at home charged
with civilian defense duties were to check to
assure that their equipment was in order; aged,
sick and preschool children were to move toward
shelters but all else was to continue normally. Fac-
tories, offices, and schools were to continue, stores
and theaters were to remain open and traffic was
to proceed in a normal manner. Those away from
home and not engaged in any productive work
were expected to proceed to their homes to be
there in case a raid actually developed. Upon the
sounding of the “air-raid alarm,” schools and thea-
ters were to close and occupants were to go to the
vicinity of their home shelters if there was suffi-
cient time; otherwise, they were to go to the
vicinity of the nearest available public shelters.
Ilospitals were to start to move patients to
shelters, ferryboats were to continue to the end
of their run where passengers were to be dis-
charged to go to cover, (New runs were not to
be started.) Factories were to continue and street
and tramway traffic was to proceed. People were
expected to take advantage of this permitted traf-
fic movement, and if not engaged in some essential
work were to move to the vicinity of the shelter
they expected to use in the event a raid developed.
Because of these movements, street traffic gen-
erally increased immediately after the sounding
of the “air-raid alarm” but tapered off quickly as
people reached their destinations. The arrival of
the planes overhead was signaled by watchers, and
at their signals, all traffic stopped (except trains
and ferryboats in the middle of a run) and all
persons were expected to get under cover. <Auto-
mobile and other traffic stopped immediately and
the passengers were to seek the nearest shelter.
Trains could proceed if railroad authorities so
desired. If trains were stopped in a station, pas-
sengers were to seek nearby shelters: if trains
were stopped out in the country, passengers were
to remain in the trains. Factories were to stop
production and all workers except those on spe-
cial air-raid-defense duties were to seek shelter.
No law actually compelled people to use the
shelters, but laws were generally obeyed.

3. Variation in Plans, Following the raid in
the summer of 1944, street traffic was required to
stop for a short period after the sounding of the
“air-raid alarm”. That was a defensive measure
against surprise attack, a distinet possibility be-

81

cause of Nagasaki’s exposed position on the south-
western coast. Should no planes appear within
5 minutes, it was assumed that the signal had been
caused by planes headed elsewhere, and traftic was
allowed to proceed cautiously pending further
signals. Originally women, small children, sick
and aged were only to move to the vicinity of
shelters and to enter when the planes were sighted
overhead, but in August 1944, they were required
to go into the shelter at the “alarm” signal and
in November 1944, at the “alert” signal. From
August 1944 primary schools were to close at the
“alert” signal.

4. Conducting the Public to Shelters. <Al-

though it was one of the duties of the auxiliary
police and fire units (Keibodan) to direct people
to shelters, little directing of the general public
Was necessary because most people were either at
home or at work and hence, near a familiar shelter
by the time the “alarm” sounded. Almost any
person could direct a stranger to a nearby shelter.
The larger shelters were marked with signs and
some had arrows or lines of white paint indicat-
ing the entrances. There was no established size
for the sign or standardization of the lettering,
simply a statement that it was a public shelter
and giving its capacity.
Regulations Within the Shelters. The first
person entering a public shelter was expected to
be in charge to advise newcomers, preventing their
entrance if the shelter became filled, or admitting
them if it were not. This duty was rarely assumed
and some shelters were overcrowded at times.

6. General Comments. a. The small yaria-
tions in the rules governing the conduct of the
people can be attributed largely to Nagasaki's
exposed seacoast location. Because their first raid
Was a surprise, and because of the importance of
their war industries, the residents of Nagasaki
were reasonably air-raid conscious. It was un-
usual, therefore, to learn that very few people
were in shelters at the timie the atomic bomb
exploded shortly after 1100, 9 August 1945. In-
vestigation disclosed that the public had been
under raid conditions for a long period the day
before but no planes appeared. The morning the
atom bomb was dropped they had had an “alert”
signal, and an “air-raid alarm” signal. Because
the flight of enemy planes were so high that few
noticed them there was a “revert-to-the-alert”
sounded before the appearance of the planes over-
head.

5.

Street interviews were conducted to check or
the actual conduct of the public under this raid.
The results are given in the table below:

Summary of Street Interviews—Activity at Time
Atomic Bomb Exploded

At home engaged in normal activity......... ” 30
At work or in school engaged in normal activity. . a5
In an air-raid shelter. .

Action Immediately Following Atomic Bomb Baplosion

Civilian Defense members :

Assumed delegated duties ................... 5
Ran away: tO) DUS: ccc. anne seals pees 1
MOTION cates Soe ne Sarre ia ere SN me bi 3

Not members of any Civilian Defense Organization :

Rendered aid to neighbors.............. ee 0
Ran to local shelter :
ATOM) ca oon ck ists cutie SwiateSp ahals a nie ue & eaela 5
PON RCI SANIIE GY 675 at, ee oie bys a eee ee 53
Ran to mountains or open country :
BRORO: 32 e ee eceas s agieee 4
With eel 0. Soete Soke cee) darn ates ia 10
Not. ACCOUNtEE): TOR 56 Ont suns coe eeleaaea wea 5

82

The above is the result of interviews of 19 per-
sons picked at random who, together with the
members of their families, accounted for the ac-
tions of approximately 85 persons.

b. People dispersed to the hills or went into
shelters for hours after the atomic bomb explo-
sion as they were fearful that the planes bearing
the bomb were only the first wave of a mass raid.
Only garbled rumors of what happened at Hiro-
shima had reached the city, hence no one realized
at the time of the raid that it was the same type
of bomb.

c. Because there were relatively many good
shelters in Nagasaki, the number of casualties
would have been considerably less had people been
in them at the time the atomic bomb exploded.
That they were not can be attributed to two
things: first, the failure of the army to anticipate
further attacks similar to that on Hiroshima and
so warn the public, and second, the complacency
of the public due to a recent epidemic of alarms
caused by planes headed elsewhere.

VI. EVACUATION AND WELFARE
EVACUATION

1. Introduction. Nagasaki, one of the cities
upon which the atomic bomb was dropped, had
done very little toward making effective precau-
tionary plans for the dispersal or evacuation of
nomessential persons including school children.
It did have plans for immediate emergency wel-
fave in anticipation of air raids and they were
reported to have been sufficient up to the time of
the catastrophic situation caused by the dropping
of the atomic bomb.

2. Definition of Terms.

As in the Kyoto re-
port, the term “evacuee” is taken to mean a
person who, as a precautionary measure, leaves or
moves from the city at his own convenience to
some other destination, whereas “refugee,” or
sufferer as the Japanese use the term, is one who
has become an air-raid victim or sufferer by rea-
son of damage to his home by bombs or fire or
who had his home destroyed to create a fire break.

Evacuation of Civilians

3. Authority. Advisory instructions for earry-
ing out evacuation of persons were received from
the prefectural office in March 1945. The evacua-
tion of specific groups of persons to relatives
located elsewhere was urged and it was empha-
sized that such a move was to be carried out
immediately and completed by the middle of May.
The instructions were relayed to the block asso-
ciations (Chokai) through a conference of their
leaders who were urged to carry out the provi-
sions as quickly as possible.

4. Prefectural Plan. The principal elements
of the prefectural plan for the dispersal of persons
“in order to render Nagasaki and Sasebo cities
strong for air-raid protection” were substantially
the same as found in other large cities, and in-
cluded the following major items. (Exhibit J and
Reference Item 13) :

a. Those To Be Evacuated:

(1) Residents whose business was not in
the cities;

(2) Those who had businesses disbanded
or combined with others;

83

(8) Those living on annuities, pensions,
rentals, interest, allowances, and the like;

(4) Those in the city only for their chil-
dren’s education;

(5) Those with two residences, because of
having been retired or newly married;

(6) Any others whose business did not re-
quire their presence in the cities;

(7) School children below the second grade
of primary school;

(8) Unweaned children;

(9) Pregnant women requiring care of a
midwife ;

(10) The aged, above 65;

(11) Necessary attendants.

b. Policy. The entire program was to have
been voluntary and residents were persuaded that
evacuation was for the purpose of everyone mak-
ing a positive contribution toward increasing the
country’s war potential according to his ability
to fill a necessary duty such as work in agricul-
ture or munitions factories. Those in responsible
positions were cautioned not to arouse any fear
of air attacks or to create any tendency to flee
from difficulties.

«. Organizations for Carrying Out Evacuation:

(1) A Nagasaki prefectural city evacuation
headquarters (Nagasaki Ken Toshi Sokei
Hombu) was to have charge of unifying and
controlling the evacuation program.

(2) A Nagasaki City evacuation consulta.
tion office (Shi Sokai Sodensho) was to have
been established and a police evacuation con-
sultation office (Keisantsu Sokai Sodensho)
set up in each police office.

(3) An evacuation council (Sokai Hyogi-
kai) was to have been formed of officials and
the secretariat of various bodies to speed the
execution of evacuation.

Methods of Carrying Out Evacuation:

(1) The prefectural police and city author-
ities were to have made a basic census of the
persons who should be evacuated.

(2) These authorities were also charged
with urging and creating a desire for evacua-

d.

tion through the media of meetings of neigh-
borhood groups, the radio, newspapers, pam-
phlets and bulletin boards.

(3) In the reception areas (all areas out-
side of specifically prohibited zones were
reception areas) the prefectural branch
offices and councils on evacuation were to
have developed an active spirit for the recep-
tion of evacuees and to have extended the
movement to offer housing.

(4) Transportation and packing priorities
were to be given evacuees as well as special
rates and quick services.

(5) Letters of request were to be sent to
the governors of the prefectures used as
reception centers and their cooperation
requested,

(6) Distribution of the certificates required
for changing districts was made by the
mayor’s office. (Reference Items 14, 15, and
16.)

(7) Evacuation bonuses to those eligible
for evacuation grants were determined on
the following basis:

(a) Families of which 35-40 percent were
called to military or wartime service;

(b) Those whose taxes were under 2 yen
or who were exempt from tax. These two
classes represented 80 per cent of those who
qualified for grants,

In Nagasaki City those paying under 2 yen

taxes were:

Those exempt from tax. .......... : 700
Those paying under 1 yen tax : 7.650
Those paying under 1,30 yen tax. . + 3.119
Those paying under 1,70 yen tax.. ‘ig 5,624

17,098

(8) Evacuation to relatives was to be the
fundamental principle and the basic census
was to be made quickly and preparations com-
pleted for carrying out the plan.

(9) A conference of school principals on
policies forschool children evacuation was set
for 4 April 1945.

(10) Evacuation was to be carried out im-
mediately and finished by the end of May 1945.

5. Refuges Due to Demolition of Houses (Ta
temono Sokai). As early as October 1944, the
prefecture for Nagasaki City issued instructions
based upon information received from the Min-
ister of Home Affairs, directing that a program
be undertaken to create fire breaks to control the

spread of fire through the demolition of houses,
The actual demolition was carried out in three
stages by the engineer section of the prefectural
office in cooperation with the police. Those per-
sons whose homes were to be demolished during
the first stage were urged to seek other places of
residence within the city. The second stage, and
by far the largest of the three, was carried out
in April 1945. The refugees who lost their homes
in this stage were urged to seek residence outside
of the city. The third stage was started in July
1945, and was approximately 60 percent complete
at the time of the atomic bombing on 9 August
1945. <A conference discussing the plans for a
fourth stage was in progress when the bomb fell.
At no time did the plans of the prefectural au-
thorities provide for any temporary housing to
take care of these homeless refugees and no spe-
cific areas or prefectures were designated as re-
ception areas, each refugee making his own
arrangements with friends or. relatives. Data
giving the number of persons, including school
children with their parents, who were compelled
to seek other homes under this program were:

October Periods

Locations 1944 |-_——————_— ——————
April 45 9 July 45! | Total
Within the city......... 4,190 17,316 3,250 24,756
To other places in the
prefecture. ........... 499 6,608 302 7,409
‘To other prefectures, ... . 217 2,570 | 96 2,883

4,906 26,494 3,648 35,048

‘Estimated to be 60 percent completed at time of dropping of atomic bomb.

6. Voluntary Bvacuees (Jinin Sokai), <Al-
though specific advisory instructions relating to
the preparation of the city for air-defense protec-
tion through the dispersal of nonessential persons
(Jinin Sokai) were not issued until Mareh 1945,
efforts were made as early as October 1944, at the
time when the compulsory evacuation of buildings
was ordered, to urge such persons to seek other
locations. The results of these efforts are shown
in the following data:

: Periods
Locations Ss Oh
October 44) April45 July 45 | Total
To other places in }
prefecture... 00.6.0... | 8,288 +509 | 0) 9,797
To other prefectures... .. 5,910 1,006 (¢) 6,916
| 14,198 | SWB Nose | 16,713

1No data available,

7. Statistical Summary. The population of
Nagasaki on 1 January 1945 was 286,489 persons.
It was reported that 27,000 persons, including
school children (21,500, see par. 10), or less than
10 percent of the population could be considered
as evacuees. These data are summarized as fol-
lows:

| Refugees! | Evacuees! Total
To other places in Nagasaki
Po ee eee | 7,409 9,797 17,206
To other prefectures... ...... 2,883 — 6,916 — 9,799
|
| 10,292
|

16,713 27,005

‘Includes school children estimated to be 21,500.

Evacuation of School Children

8. Authority. At no time were there any spe-
cific instructions received by the municipal au-
thorities from the Minister of Education or the
prefecture for the evacuation of primary grade
school children.

9. Drop in Enrollment, There was a drop in
enrollment in the primary grades in the late sum-
mer of 1944, when instructions were issued to cer-
tain prefectures other than Nagasaki, to evacu-
ate their primary school children. Another drop
occurred in April 1945, just after the heavy raids
on Osaka and Kobe, and still a further decrease
in July after the raids on Nagasaki itself. The
educational authorities of Nagasaki City stated
that as long as they had not received direct in-
structions to prepare a plan for evacuation of
the primary school children, they would not in-
itiate it. Another reason was the lack of funds
for evacuation, the cost of which the city would
have had to bear, unless the evacuation was or-
dered by the government.

10. School Statistics. The drop in enrollment
of the primary school children was explained as
being due, partly to voluntary evacuation and
partly to the evacuation of the children with those
families who changed residence because of the
demolition of their homes to create fire breaks.
The enrollment figures reported were:

Ist—6th grades 1944 Drop in

| enrollment
DELS eed ee rr a ae a
oe ue eoccaeTtAOe at CASE Enero eee 32,229 67
eatin eee otal auiiite Soas2d a wsyrialinie wand | 29, 806 2,423
BRIE cidgecodereccdvespavernesseccene 29,249 557
pn ea | 29,090 159
MORIRCRES Ci ici inx ss Px pdx eg week aa nee 29,006 Bt
A US een eee 28, 887 119
OS LORE OAL AS ROR ONCE AOE Eee | 23,542 15,345

Ist—6th grades | 1944 Drop in
| Enrollment
MOS Sees ede bret ce vacavimss ocetwt nee | 21,404 2,138
WOO obec s aire cea wace dats paneoan cane eirce cs 20,976 428
RE ee, oo ORL 55 AN ne nee 5 oe 11,317 9,659
ROME siina Wa alakiie awn Fea seeders @) @)
SORE ob vei duce cs sedsilehecccdsséece 6,916 (4)

‘Heavy raids on Osaka and Kobe during March 1945.
*Heavy raids on Nagasaki latter part of July 1945.
"No data available. Atom bomb dropped 9 August.
‘Data incomplete.

Even without a prefectural directive to evac-
uate primary school children, the data furnished
indicated a drop in enrollment in the Ist to 6th
grades inclusive, from $2,905 in April 1944, to
11,317 in July 1945 a difference of 21,588, or ap-
proximately 65 percent. It was estimated that
about two-thirds of this number found reception
areas within the prefecture of Nagasaki and the
other third went to neighboring prefectures. This
figure of evacuee school children was included in
the data reported in paragraph 5 relating to
homeless refugees.

ll. Comments. a. Nagasaki had made prac-
tically no preparation for preraid voluntary
evacuation of persons, even though advisory in-
structions were issued in March 1945, following
the heavy raids on other parts of the empire. Had
this preraid evacuation been insisted upon, the
casualty list would have been lower. The rea-
sons for this apathy are summarized as_ fol-
lows:

(1) Inability to inform the people that
the city would be bombed intensively and
that there was need for dispersal as a suit-
able war measure,

(2) The lack of transportation facilities
on the island of Kyushu, and the railroad
bottleneck at Moji, the principal point of en-
try between Kyushu and the island of Ion-
shu, through which munitions and supplies
for the war effort had to pass.

(3) The available housing in the prefee-
ture had been used up by those whose homes
had been demolished to create fire breaks.

(4) There was no gasoline available for
civilian motor transport.

(5) There were not sufficient schoolhouses
to send children in groups; parents did not
want to leave their homes voluntarily, and
since there was no order from the prefectural
government, nothing was accomplished.

b. The evacuation of school children in groups
was not undertaken although a number, on their

own initiative, did leave the city in April and
June 1945, following the heavy raids in March on
other parts of the empire.

¢. Because there had been no previous plan-
ning, survivors of the atomic bombing fled in dis-
organized flight to the surrounding hills.

POST-RAID EMERGENCY WELFARE

1. Authority. The basic authority for the
Nagasaki City plan for postraid relief was taken
direct from the war-time disaster protection law
(Senji Saigai Hogo Ho) passed 18 September
1942 by the Nagasaki Prefecture, which law in
turn was modeled after a similar law promul-
gated by the welfare ministry at Tokyo.

2. Provisions of the Relief Section of the Na-
tional Law. The more important features of the
wartime disaster protection law (Exhibit /) as it
concerned postraid emergency welfare were:

a. The law applied to those who were injured
due to a wartime disaster as well as surviving
members of the family.

b. Relief was to be given to persons who
needed emergency relief after meeting with a war-
time disaster.

ec. Types of relief were:

(1) Supplying household effects.

(2) Giving food in case of being burned
out,

($8) Giving and lending of clothing, bed-

ding and other essentials.

(4) Medical and maternity expenses.
(5) Giving of school supplies.
(6) Funeral expenses.

d. The prefectural governor was authorized to
administer all relief measures.

3. Provisions of Nagasaki Prefecture Official
Bulletin. As its part of the implementation of
the national wartime disaster protection law, the
Nagasaki Prefecture issued on 18 September
1942, an extra official bulletin (Exhibit A’) pub-
lishing prefecture order No. 88, giving particu.
lars for carrying out the provisions of the law.
The important elements pertaining to emergency
relief were:

a. The governor was to be notified when any-
one received a wartime injury.

b. Funds to be paid for relief were limited as
follows:

(1) Actual cost for equipment for shel-
ters, and when ordinary buildings were used
one yen per individual for rental of rooms,
and three yen per individual per day for room
and three meals in inns or restaurants.

86

(2) Maximum of 350 yen per household
for construction of temporary dwellings.

(3) Maximum of 60 sen per individual
per day for foodstuffs such as boiled rice.

(4) Maximum of 20 yen per individual
for clothing and 65 yen for bedding.

(5) Maximum of 15 yen per individual or
45 yen per household for daily necessities
such dishes, cooking
clogs, umbrella, paper and towels.

(6) Actual cost for medical and mater
nity service.

(7) For school supplies, actual cost of
books and a maximum of 2.50 yen per in-
dividual for stationery.

(8) Maximum of 30 yen per individual
for funeral expenses,

(9) Actual cost of coolie hire or cartage
for carrying out relief operations.

ce. Granting of shelter, boiled rice and food-
stuffs was for a maximum period of 15 days, but.
according to the circumstances of the sufferer,
permission might be secured from the governor in
advance to extend the time of such relief.

d. Application was made through the munic-
ipal authorities by those who desired to receive re-
lief and the application was then sent to the gov-
ernor.

e. When persons received injuries by reason of
war-time disaster and the municipal authorities
felt that conditions were urgent, the mayor or
head of the city had authority immediately to
start to carry out the establishment of sheiters
and the distribution of boiled rice and then
sought further instructions from the governor.

4. Welfare Stations. a. Relief Stations. In
the early spring of 1943, the city designated 10
relief stations or centers, selecting generally the
public schools because their locations were well
known and they had kitchen facilities for the
preparation of food. These relief centers were in
reality first-aid stations where immediate medical
aid would be given by doctors and nurses from the
city, who were assigned to particular stations. It
was reported that they were not used in the early

as utensils, wooden

bombings, inasmuch as the university hospital
was able to take care of all casualties.

b. Consultation’ Centers, Functioning as a
part of the program for emergency welfare and
relief to air-raid sufferers there were 19 consulta.
tion centers established by the city, each a sub-
office of the municipal welfare office. City per-
sonnel upon notice of a raid went immediately to
those stations and were prepared to issue suffer-
ers certificates (Reference Item 17), and to give
advice to sufferers and the noncasualty members
of their families. These certificates were also
available to sufferers at the relief stations. The
consultation offices were set up usually in schools
after each raid and continued operations for
about 10 days thereafter.

+. Preparation of Emergency Food. Distribu-
tion of boiled rice to air-raid sufferers was prob-
ably the most important item of the emergency
welfare plan. The original plan (Exhibit L; Ref-
erence Item 18) called for the preparation of the
rice by professional cooks in 47 places, and then
to utilize 23 places as distribution points, all un-
der the auspices of the relief rice service unit
(Takidashi Kokoku Dan). The supply of rice for
this purpose was furnished by the prefecture.

6. Effect of the Atomic Bomb on the Welfare
Plans. Nagasaki had experienced bombings be-
fore 9 August 1945 and their welfare plans under
bombing conditions had funetioned fairly well,
but, with the dropping of the atomic bomb, the
relief aid stations were unable to function as
planned and the head of the medical services of
the city (Kyugohombu) was forced to assign the
doctors and nurses to places where they were
needed most. The places for preparing the boiled
rice were destroyed and plans of distribution dis-
rupted so completely that the police had to take
charge. The rice was prepared in outlying neigh-
boring villages and brought into the city and dis-
tributed by the block associations (Chokai) and
auxiliary police and fire units (Keibodan). The
relief stations had been destroyed and no build-
ings were available, so that the distribution was
made out in the open to those who applied for
foods. The following tabulation was furnished by
the welfare department of the city showing that,
during the 10 days following the dropping of the
bomb, 650,250 meals were served, of which 52,000
were of dried bread and 598,250 were of boiled
rice. Approximately 1,050 bags of rice were used
for that purpose.

j

Date Breakfast Dinner Supper Total
Sikuy' WG. , ncestsee ere eed | 25,000 | 71,000 96,000
CP er | 65,600 67,500 7,500 200,600
iN oe ee ee | 53,600 47,400 41,300 142,300
We hte 45 ih Soc tecses 27,500 28,900 33,400 | 89, 800
13 Aug. 45... 26,800 23,400 27,000 77,200
NG Alae. 4560-5 505052058 2 22,350 | 5,500 2,100) =. 29,950
LN | eee ere 1,200 | 1,500 1,500 4,200
NG Aree BB wis sine scons te 1,200 | 1,200 1,200 3,600
ip | oy | RP te 1,200 | 1,200 1,200 3,600
ID Ag OG se esictiens tea 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 3,000

200,450 202,600 | 247,200 650,250

After 5 or 6 days the air-raid sufferers were ex-
pected to have made their own arrangements for
food and shelter and that is fairly well borne out by
the drop in the number of free meals served by
the city after 5 days to the air-raid sufferers. One
other item indicating the size of the problem con-
fronting the authorities as a result of the atomic
bomb was the tremendous increase in the num-
ber of air-raid sufferer certificates issued (Ref-
Item 17). These carried with them cer-
tain privileges relating to pensions and claims
which are discussed in another section of this re-
port. Prior to 9 August, not over 1,000 of these
certificates had been issued for all of the raids on
Nagasaki; however, immediately after that date,
more than 47,000 certificates were issued and the
claims and pensions resulting therefrom are now
in process of being paid with funds from the na-
tional treasury. Another difficulty encountered
by the municipal officials was the lack of tem-
porary shelter, as none was available, so com-
plete had been the destruction wrought by the
bomb.

7. Post-raid Housing. During the late spring
of 1945, the Welfare Ministry initiated a program
to provide housing for homeless air-raid sufferers
before cold weather set in. It was implemented
through the building construction corporation
(Jutaku Kidan) with an imperial grant of lum.
ber to be used for that purpose. In all, approxi-
mately 300,000 small houses of wooden construc.
tion were to be erected throughout the empire
with an allotment of 2,000 for Nagasaki. The
corporation, a non-profit organization, arranged
for the construction, and, if necessary, the finance-
ing, either of an individual house or of a group of
houses, upon the direction of the municipal gov-
ernment which placed the plan in effeet on 10 Oc-
tober 1945. Should a person desire to have such a
house on his property, application had to be made
to the office of the chief of the welfare section of

erence

the city. The cost of such a house was 2,500 yen
and if financing were required, the banks had
been instructed to make loans for that purpose at
a low rate (3.6 percent). It was reported that
up to the time of the investigation in Nagasaki,
no applications had been received for any loans
and local discussion indicated that the price of
2,500 yen appeared to be high, and doubt was ex-
pressed whether there would be any more than
500 of 600 houses erected this year. The first
model house (Photo 40) was being erected at the
time of this study.

8

. Comments, a. Welfare aid stations, each

a suboffice of the municipal welfare office, had

been designated in advance of raids and fune-
tioned fairly well for small raids,

b. Provision was made for preparation of
emergency food at 47 places throughout the city
by volunteer professional cooks, Supplemental
arrangements were made with outlying commu-
nities and during the atom bomb catastrophe
these supplemental places became the major
source of emergency food preparation.

ce. The atomic bomb destroyed relief stations
and other buildings and distribution of food was
made out in the open to those who applied. In
all, over 650,000 meals were served during the
10-day period following 9 August 1945. About 98

percent of these were during the first 5 days.

WAR DAMAGE CLAIMS

1. Introduction. The following report will
cover the Nagasaki experience with the four types

of war insurance and compensation provided by
the national government to indemnify Japanese

Photo 40. Sample house constructed under the auspices of the building construction corporation at Nagasaki. Estimated
cost, 2,500 ven.

nationals victimized by air raids, New aspects
of these laws brought out by interrogations will
be summarized, and comments made from the in-
surance standpoint upon the behavior of the city’s
residents.

2. War Casualty Insurance (Senso Shibo
Shogai Hoken). a. Development of Interest.
Very little attention was paid to the government
provision for war casualty insurance when it was
first promulgated. Little was done to persuade
the people to buy it, although two companies paid
for small newspaper advertisements explaining
its advantages. Life insurance officials frankly
stated that they were more interested in selling
the private company policies than they were in
selling the government policy, particularly when
the private policy coverage was extended to in-
clude casualties resulting from acts of the enemy.
The salesmen made no effort to induce people to
take out policies when their commission per
policy, whether for 500 yen or up to the limit of
5,000 yen, was only 50 sen. On 12 January 1945,
the commission for the salesmen was increased by
order of the finance ministry to eight per cent of
the premium, and the results reflected a great in-
crease in the industry of the salesmen. It was
thonght at first by the national government that
the announcement of the inexpensive coverage
would meet with considerable response, but the
people of Nagasaki did not feel that they were in
danger, nor were all of the people aware that the
policy existed despite the newspaper advertise-
ments and the word-of-mouth circulation of the
information. Insurance officials pointed out that
in Japan a large number of older people could
not read; therefore, the guide to war casualty in-
surance distributed by the finance ministry (Ex-
hibit WV and Reference Item 19) was not widely
read. Furthermore, verbal explanation of what
was offered failed to arouse individual action, The
most significant reason for the ignoring of the
war casualty insurance yet encountered in the
several cities studied was given by the Nagasaki
officials when they said that many people in
Japan do not take out insurance on the grounds
that doing so hastens the day of death. That was
given as the reason that on the day the atomic bomb
fell only one-third of the population of the city
was covered by war casualty insurance, and a
much smaller number had private policies. There
was some increase in war casualty applications
after the Yawata raid in June 1944, and no in-

89

crease at all in applications for private policies.
The same war casualty policy covered both sol-
diers and civilians, with a 3 yen per thousand
premium for the latter and for soldiers at home,
but 10 yen per thousand for the military over-
seas. On 1 January 1945, this differential in
premium was removed, and that, together with
the previously mentioned increase of salesmen’s
commission, contributed to an increase in war
casualty business. The insurance officials ad-
mitted that this increase was not entirely un-
related to the increasing intensity of the raids,
but, judging from information as to other air-
raid-protection measures, it is quite possible that
the advancing danger was not so important a fae-
tor in the increase as might normally have been
expected. Officials made the statement that it
was not until the end of July 1945, that “the peo-
ple began to wake up and realize the seriousness
of their situation.”

b. Administration. Less than 1,000 of the war
casualty policies issued in Nagasaki were handled
by the 11 fire and marine companies, so that the
administration was done mainly by the 12 life
insurance companies doing business in the city,
8 of which had branch offices and 4 had only in-
dividual representatives of branch offices in Fu-
kuoka. The following table is based upon figures
obtained from the 8 branch offices of the life
insurance companies. Records of all war cas-
ualty policies issued by the fire and marine com-
panies were sent to Fukuoka and could not be ob-
tained during the visit to Nagasaki, but since
the number of policies issued by them was so
small, the table below, supplied by the life in-
surance control association, can be taken as fairly
significant:

As ol As of As of As of As of
1 Aug. | 1 Aug. | 1 Aug. | 1 Sept. | 1 Nov
1948 19M 1945 1945 1945
Population of Nagasaki
(round figures). ......|284,000 |281,000 (225,000 |153,000 ()
Number of policies in
BOGS wise oe heck dees $1 8,650 | 84,759 | 86,448 86,558
Number of casualties
Dead and injured... .. 0 46 988 | 50,018 |........
Number of claims pre-
ae pl as, Sansa 0 3 92 356 1,520
Number of claims paid. . 0 0 20 208 774
1Unknown.

This table contains several items of interest. Only
51 policies were in force nearly a year and a half
after the insurance was made available to the
public, or less than two-hundredths of 1 percent

of the population. Two months after the B—29s
began hitting the Japanese mainland, or in Au-
gust 1944, the figure was still but a bare 3 per-
cent. After sustaining major damage and nu-
merous casualties from several raids and with
ever greater blows clearly indicated for the imme-
diate future, the total had risen to one-third.
Officials were asked whether the rise in the num-
ber of policies in force between 1 September and
1 November 1945, might be attributed to new
policies applied for out of fear of the behavior of
the American occupation troops, a situation
which was found to be true in Kobe. The officials
were highly amused at this suggestion, and said
that the behavior of the United States Marines
had been exemplary and that no such fear had
been reflected in the applications for wartime in-
surance. They explained the rise as due to a lag
in book-keeping, and that these policies were those
of servicemen overseas and not new policies taken
out for civilians in Nagasaki. The enabling act
for the war casualty insurance was still in effect
during this period, and, as of the time of this re-
port, had not been abolished so that technically
a person could still take out a policy under its
provisions, although no new applications had
been received. The three claims presented as of 1
August 1944, before the city was hit by air raids,
were said to be those of soldiers at the front and
not claims for injury during blackouts or air-raid
training, for the law did not indemnify persons
for death or injury except under conditions cre-
ated directly by the enemy.

c. Payment of Claims. The table above is
noteworthy for the small number of claims pre-
sented and claims paid, considering the number of
casualties in Nagasaki. For example, as of 1 Au-
gust 1945, before the atomic bomb, there were 988
casualties in the city. One month later, there
was a total of only 356 claims presented for pay-
ment, and, in the meantime, more than 50,000
casualties had been sustained. It was stated by
the insurance officials that 80 percent of the
claims paid between 1 September 1945 and 1 No-
vember 1945 were for atomic bomb victims and
that there were still several hundred war cas-
ualty policyholders, as of 1 August 1945, whose
claims had either not been presented or had not
been paid. Despite the difficulties involved, it
was confidently stated that unless the Japanese
economy should collapse, all claims presented
would ultimately be paid. However, the prin-
cipal amounts in the policy for death and injury

90

were small, even before the beginning of inflation,
and the reduced buying power of the yen might
be held accountable in part for the small number
of claims presented.

d. Appeal. The same legal provisions for ap-
peal by a claimant were in force as in previously
studied cities, but no appeals had been made in
Nagasaki by 16 November 1945. There had been
many private complaints by individuals over the
delay in getting money due them, but the loss of
records from the bombing, the scattering of peo-
ple, and the red tape involved in clearing claims
for payment disrupted and confused the insur-
ance companies, and the work piled up faster than
it could be handled, The assembling of proof of
casualty and of beneficiary was a complicated
affair and time-consuming under the most ideal
of conditions; and the Japanese were said to be
quite used to delays, so that no complaint had
reached the legal stage. The war casualty policy
provided that, even though it ran for but one
year, the government would pay death benefits on
those persons injured while the policy was in
force, if they died within 6 months after the
policy expired. Officials anticipated that the
check-up on injury claims from the atomie bomb
would be very difficult, and that there was an easy
chance for abuse in spite of the complicated sys-
tem of certification required of the claimant; yet
they did not expect that any appeals would be
made, if claims presented were turned down.

2. War Damage Insurance (Senso Hoken Rinji
Sochi). As elsewhere ascertained, there was in
Nagasaki far more interest in war damage insur-
ance than in war casualty insurance. This state-
ment was made in conference by both life insur-
ance and fire and marine insurance officials; it
cannot be supported by a table of statistics as
presented in the section above for all data on is-
suance of policies were claimed by the fire and
marine men to have been sent to Fukuoka and
they were unobtainable at the time. The only
figures immediately available follow:

As of Asof | _Asof
1 Aug. 1945 1 Sept. 1945 | 1 Novy. 1945

Number of buildings destroyed |

Ea NGRASOIA: on Web Cupar anes 476 20,063 20,063
Number of claims presented, . . 162 2,173 13,570
Number of claims paid........ 162 10,852

2,173 |

The number of claims presented as of 1 August
1945, for war damage to property, was double
that for casualty, and as of 1 September 1945, it

was almost five times as large. This might not
be considered particularly worthy of note, if the
weapon used against Nagasaki had been incen-
diaries, for in Kobe and Osaka the actual amount
of damage was much greater to property than to
life and limb. But the raids on Nagasaki were
either high explosive or atomic, and the casualty
figures ran ahead, relatively speaking, of the prop-
erty damage figures. It is noteworthy also that
eyery claim presented as of 1 September 1945, had
been paid, and that on 1 November 1945, the lag
between claims presented and claims paid was
not great. The promptness of payments on prop-
erty insurance as compared with casualty insur-
ance was explained as being due mainly to the
amount of red tape involved in collecting the cer-
tifying papers necessary for casualty payments.
The fire insurance companies also made efforts to
clear their books of outstanding obligations by
inserting advertisements in the newspapers urg-
ing people to apply for the money due them.
Three companies, beginning September 1945, pub-
lished each month in the papers a schedule for
the payment of claims already filed, in order to
distribute evenly the clerical work involved. As in
the case of war casualty insurance, no appeals
had been recorded involving disagreement be-
tween claimants and companies over details of
claim settlement.

3. Air Defense Service Allowance (Boku Ju-
jisha Fujorei). Before the atomic bomb, 20 ap-
plications for money under this compensation
plan of the national government had been re-
ceived by the prefectural peace preservation sec-
tion (Hoanka) which administered it for Naga-
saki Prefecture. Of these, 11 had been paid by
15 November 1945. This law was administered
wholly by the prefecture and had no connection
with the city office. The 11 claims paid or in pro-
cess of payment were all for residents of Nagasaki
City, the remaining 9 unpaid being from Omura
The applications of the latter, complete with
verifying police and physician’s certificates, were
sent in to the prefecture without being accom.
panied by a doctor’s bill and could not be paid:
the authorities were attempting to clear up the
outstanding claims by letters asking that the bills
be sent in. Three of the eleven claims paid for
Nagasaki persons were for members of the aux-
iliary police and fire units and the remainder
were “household fire fighters” some of whom were
women. A copy of the records kept on the cer-
tification and payment for one such case is at-

713077 —-47—7

91

yen.

tached to the report as Exhibit NV. (Reference
Item 20). No claims under this law were paid in
Nagasaki for any property damage or casualties
resulting from the atomic bomb, on the grounds
that the law covered those persons actually en-
gaged in air-defense operations, and “there were
no air-defense operations possible in connection
with the atomic bomb attack.” Victims of the
atomic bomb were compensated under the war dis-
aster law, the operation of which in Nagasaki
is discussed in the next section.

4. War Disaster Protection (Senji Saigai
Hogo). a. Casualty and Property Damage
Claims. Although the actual payment of money

under the war disaster protection law (Senji
Saigai Hogo Ho) was made by the prefectural
finance office after review by the welfare bureau
of the prefecture, the claimants in Nagasaki City
presented their applications for compensation to
the welfare office of the City, and that office as-
sembled the proof required for payment of the
claim. On 30 October 1945, all claims up to 28
July 1945 had been paid, and the prefecture be-
gan paying on claims filed subsequently to that
date. The following table of compensation claims
filed and payments made was supplied by the city
welfare office:

Preatomic aig geen
bomb

Death benefits to beneficiaries:

Filed. . a i

Compensation for injuries:
Filed .
Paid. viekyessone

( screed titi borebe cdamenan:

Filed
Paid.

ow

-2> ao
wa
of

RUM aala tes cte nt an visas eaten $3 |

In view of the fact that there were 988 casual-
ties reported for the city as of 1 August 1945, and
the fact that all Japanese nationals were entitled
to receive indemnity under the law, even though
they were covered also by war casualty and pri-
vate life insurance, the number of applications
for indemnity under the law seems very small.
will be seen from the application form for war
disaster compensation (Exhibit O and Reference
Item 21), the applicant was obliged to state both
whether his annual income exceeded 7,000 yen and
whether his independent income exceeded 3,000
In either of these cases, if the answer were

affirmative he could not collect anything under
the law. The prefectural welfare official stated
that, in his opinion, there were many persons
eligible for the indemnity, who had not made ap-
plication, and that, similarly, there were relative-
ly few persons disqualified by virtue of receiving
other monies from the government under different
compensation laws. He was unable to explain the
reason for the disinterest in the casualty compen-
sation; nor could he give any reason for the fact
that, although there were 476 homes reported by
the fire and marine insurance companies to have
been destroyed as of 1 August 1945, there had
been but eight applications for war disaster com-
pensation. The top limit paid under the wartime
disaster law was 1,000 yen, but nothing would be
paid on a house already insured for 1,000 yen or
more under the war damage insurance law. If
the owner had no war damage insurance what-
ever, he could collect the full 1,000 yen; and,
if his house were insured for a lesser amount,
he could receive amount under wartime
disaster compensation equal to the difference
between the insured amount and 1,000 yen.
Figures were not immediately available as to how
many of the war damage insurance policies were
in force in Nagasaki, or in what amounts, so it is
not possible to explain low figures in the table.
The nonpayment of any war disaster claims since
the atomic bomb was explained as being due to
the destruction of records when the prefectural
building was gutted by fire, but the official in
charge claimed to be ready for the renewal of
payments, as of the time interviewed, 16 Novem-
ber 1945. The rate of claims filed took a sudden
jump early in November, and based upon that, the
officials administering the war disaster law esti-
mated that the official casualty figure supplied to
them by the police was probably far too low.

b. ELaepropriation Under the War Disaster
Law. <A sidelight on Japanese policy with regard
to the rights of private individuals was brought
out by interrogation of prefectural officials in
charge of administering the war disaster law
which contained provisions for indemnifying own-
ers of commodities or buildings taken over by the
government for emergency relief purposes. There
were no instances of expropriation under the law
in Nagasaki Prefecture, although the governor
was empowered to do so; the reason was given
that in so far as possible the national government

92

did not want the prefecture to interfere with the
right of ownership, and had, therefore, collected
supplies for emergency use through other means
than expropriation. Nagasaki officials stated
that the governor of Osaka Prefecture had util
ized the power authorized by Article 15 of the
law for expropriating food, All use of private
homes in the Nagasaki area was by permission of
the owners and payment was made to them under
the war disaster law.

5. Compensation Under the Firebreak Pro-
gram. For the four firebreak programs, begin-
ning with the first one in October 1944 (1,129
buildings) and continuing through the last which
was still in progress when the war ended, com-
pensation to owners had been completed as of J
November 1945, for only the first operation; for
the second and third program (6,921 buildings)
80 percent of claims had been settled; and pay-
ments were to begin for the fourth (864 build-
ings) on 20 November 1945. Administration of
the compensation plan in Nagasaki was found to
conform with the procedures used in cities studied
earlier. The national law governing the compen-
sation permitted minor tailoring of its provisions
to suit individual prefectures. Thus, for ex-
ample, a slightly different scale of values for
assessing the condemned properties was used in
Nagasaki, resulting in a somewhat lower rate of
return to the owners than in Kyoto or Kobe. Un-
der the plan whereby the prefecture purchased the
houses from the owners, the arrangement for the
first of the programs was that, if the owner re-
tained the materials from the demolished houses,
the government paid only 50 percent of the
assessed value, and 100 percent, if the govern-
ment took the materials. Later, for the succeed.
ing operations, the government increased to 80
percent of evaluation its payments in case own-
ers wished to keep the materials, and continued
to pay 100 percent if they did not. Payments
were made to the survivors of deceased owners, if
sufficient proof of relationship could be estab-
lished. The same compensation plan for the mov-
ing of owner’s effects was found to be used in
Nagasaki as in other cities studied. Figures for
loss of business payments for owners dispossessed
by the firebreaks program were supplied by the
chief of the prefectural commerce and industry
section which handled this phase of the compensa-
tion plan. (Amounts are in yen).

Up 1 Mar. 1 June In
to 1945, 1945,
1 March 1 June 1 Nov. 15 Noy,
1945 1945 1945 1945

Prefectural funds: |

Amounts.......... 229,770 45,830 614,302 | 140,000

Pere 185 54 1,023 15
National Welfare
‘Treasury funds |

RUIN cock « sine: 1,173,878 112,370 0 1,061,508

WME, oa seass sss 393 55 0 338
‘Totals: |

Amounts.......... 1,403 ,648 158, 200 614,302 11,101,508

Persons........... 578 | 109 1,023 | 353

‘Estimated.

The distinction between the amounts paid by
the prefecture and those paid by the national wel-
fare treasury was explained in the Kyoto report.

6. Comments. The Nagasaki study brought
out more clearly than any of the preceding ones
the wide gap between what was provided by the
government for the financial protection of the Jap-
anese public on the one hand and the understand-
ing and utilization of that protection by the pub-
lic on the other. The frankness with which the
life insurance officials expressed their greater in-
terest in promoting the sale of their own policies
as against the promotion of inexpensive govern-
ment coverage was surprising. The most reveal-
ing statement made to explain the relatively small
number of government policies issued was that re-
garding the superstitious attitude of the Japanese
people toward insurance itself, an explanation
not encountered in previous interrogations in
other Japanese communities. It is possible that
the people of Nagasaki were more superstitious

93

than people in the metropolitan areas of Japan
studied earlier; but particularly for older per-
sons, this explanation may prove to be important
in explaining the indifferent reception given the
government’s provisions for war damage and war
casualty all over the country. The details of
governmental red tape involved in the payment of
insurance claims and wartime compensation
served to explain not only the slowness with which
claims were paid, but also the reluctance which
characterized the application for war insurance
and for payment of insurance and compensation
claims. It is an interesting commentary on the
reaction to the atomic bomb that the people be-
lieved for a time that, because of the revolu-
tionary nature of the catastrophe, the government
might absolve itself from all financial responsi-
bility for the payment of insurance claims and
war disaster protection compensation. It was not
until the insurance companies assured the people
through statements in the newspapers that they
were prepared to fulfill the terms of the insur-
ance contracts that this feeling was dispelled.
That the prefecture considered the atomic bomb
attack as an entirely new and final form of dis-
aster is borne out by the fact that the war service
allowance law set up to cover air watchmen, aux-
iliary police and fire personnel and others actively
engaged in air defense was not considered to have
applied to any victim of the bomb, and such a
person would therefore receive compensation un-
der the less favorable terms of the war disaster
law.

VII. TRAINING
TRAINING OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE PERSONNEL

1. Jntroduction, The purpose of this section
is to describe the air-raid protection training
schools, the methods for selection of civilian de-
fense personnel, and the training procedures used.
All directives on training originated in the Min-
istry of Home Affairs and were sent down to the
prefectural government and from there distri-
buted to the several political subdivisions. The
first directive with regard to training was re-
ceived in Nagasaki City in 1939. Informal train-
ing was started in the middle of 1940, but a
formalized training program was not instituted
until the fall of 1941,

2. Training Schools. a. Air Defense School
(Boku Gakko). This school was established and
administered by the Great Japan Air-Defense
Association (Dai Nippon Boku Kyokai) in 1940,
but, as stated above, was used informally only
for theoretical and practical training. In 1941
the national headquarters of the Great Japan Air
Defense Association ordered the school to prepare
and to conduct a formalized training program in
air-raid protection services. The secretary of the
Nagasaki branch of the association became the
secretary of this school and another member of
the Nagasaki branch was appointed as treasurer
of the school. Each of these persons received a
salary of 650 yen per year and they handled all
of the administrative details in connection with
the conduct of the school. There were two perma-
nent instructors, each of whom received a salary
of 1,200 yen per year. The salaries of all of these
persons were paid by the national headquarters
of the Great Japan Air-Defense Association and,
in addition, the national headquarters contributed
from 3,000 yen to 5,000 yen for the maintenance
of the school. If these contributions did not pro-
vide for all expenses of the school, the balance was
paid by the Nagasaki branch. A number of ses-
sions of the school were conducted primarily for
groups from sections of the prefecture outside of
Nagasaki City. Transportation expenses for those
attending were paid by the organizations which
selected them to attend the school, while the
Nagasaki branch furnished rations and quarters.

94

All of the training material such as pamphlets,
posters, and moving pictures used in the school
were furnished by the national headquarters of
the Great Japan Air-Defense Association.

(1) Jnstructors. In addition to the two
full-time instructors mentioned above, addi-
tional instructors were recruited from lead-
ers of police, fire and other organizations who
had been sent to the air-defense school in
Tokyo for a 10-day training period. One of
the full-time instructors had been trained at
the air-defense school in Tokyo, while the
other was the former chief of the fire depart-
ment of Nagasaki Prefecture. Specialists,
such as doctors, were used for instructing in
specialized subjects. Each session of the
school had a maximum of seven instructors.
With the exception of the two regularly em-

ployed instructors, no compensation was
given to other instructors,
(2) Trainees. Personnel to attend this

school were selected from among the leaders
of the police, fire, and other organizations
concerned with air-raid protection, including
air-defense units from factories. This method
of selection was also used for those who lived
in areas outside of Nagasaki City.

(3) Curriculum. <A formalized curric-
ulum and a regular schedule of classes was
prepared in accordance with the directive of
1941 (paragraph 2a). Each session of the
school covered a period of 4 days with the
first 3 days devoted to the training of repre-
sentatives from the police, fire and auxiliary
units, while the fourth day was given to in-
struction of factory defense units and air-de-
fense sections of block associations. The class
periods were 2 hours in length, with the
morning classes devoted to lecturers while
the afternoon periods were employed in prac-
tical training. (For a breakdown of a typ-
ical session, see table on page 101.) The aver-
age attendance at each session was from 40
to 80 persons, and, until the school was dis-
continued at the beginning of 1945, a total

of 6400 persons had been trained. (For a fecture, but in order to eliminate transportation

breakdown of the numbers of each organiza- difficulties and to make the training available to
tion trained from 1940 through 1944, see a larger number of persons, a similar school was
table below). recommended to be established at Sasebo in

b. Prefectural Police and Fire Schools. The 1944, but lack of properly trained instructors de-
methods for training minor leaders of police, fire, layed the scheduled opening date of the school

and other organizations were similar to those de- until 28 February 1945. However, the building in
scribed in previous target reports. These schools which the school was to be located was destroyed
were discontinued at the beginning of 1945. in an air attack before that date and no further

e. Special Comment. The school in Nagasaki attempts were made to establish a school at
was originally established to serve the entire pre- Sasebo.

AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL (BOKU GAKKO)
SCHEDULE OF CLASSES AND SUBJECTS

Police, Fire, and Auviliary Police and Fire Unit Section

Date /hours 0800-1000 | 1000-1200 1200-1300 1300-1500 1500-1700
— | ———
Ist day... 2... | General air defense....| Fire prevention. ...... EARN vials wiern's awe Fire prevention and Fire prevention and extinguishing,
extinguishing. practical training.
2nd day...... | General air defense. ... Decontamination... .. . en TET Ee ea Rescue and reliet...... | Rescue and relief, practical training.
Sed. days scents Family air defense... .. Shelter construction | Lunch............. Light control... ...... | Shelter construction and taking

| and taking cover, cover, practical training.

Date | 0800-0900 0900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 |—-1400-1500 1500-1700
4th day... .| Family airde- | Light control.| Decontamina- | Shelter construc-| Lunch... . . Fire prevention Recue and re- | Fire prevention and
fense. tion, rescue tion and tak- and extin- lief, practical extinguishing,
and relief. | ing cover. guishing. training. practical train-
| | | ing.
_—_- I att = | 7 i" a
AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL (BOKU GAKKO) cating the general public in air-raid-protection
Classification and Number of Attendants 1940 to 1945 duties.
— aloe el ; x 2. Methods of Disseminating Information.
| | | | oy) Nei in-
Paes e Auailiary | Block a. Pamphlets. The principal method used to in
ice ire- ice ‘actory Ass'n., | . ic o Ir-raid-pr “ti
Year | men | fighters | and fire | defense | air-” | Total form the public about general air-raid-protection
—r bl eel duties was through the medium of pamphlets pub-
| ; } i ir Air- se / *ja-
1940 =| Sa 77 ee 98 | ‘a lished by the Great Japan Air-Defense Associa
1941 ol eee 350 40 350 835 tion. The plan of distribution was for the leaders
1942 | oe | 420 50 600 1,180 : ; a fontac ;
are ok 2 a al aee| aise of neighbor hood groups to display the pamphlets
1944... 80 100 680 55 950 1, 865 at meetings of their organizations and then the
| | : ra m
i ee aah COPY PREECE ast ina Fai] (aes paeemee sey S22 tres members would request the pamphlets desired.
Total... 485 280 2,206 = 2253, 195 6,391 These requests were then forwarded to the secre-
— ——————— ————— tary of the Nagasaki branch who obtained the
pamphlets from the national headquarters. Dis-
TRAINING OF THE PUBLIC tribution of the pamphlets was made each month.
Investigations disclosed that 2,000 requests were
1. Introduction, The purpose of this section filled each month until the printing headquarters
is to describe the methods employed for dissem- in Tokyo was destroyed in a raid in early 1945,
inating civilian defense information and for edu- In Nagasaki individuals were compelled to pay
713677—47—8

95

30 sen for each pamphlet, whereas in those cities
where the branches of the Great Japan Air-De-
fense Association were in better financial con-
dition, no charge was made.

b. Radio and Press. The radio was never used
to present civilian defense material to the public.
The only interest displayed by the press was an
occasional editorial decrying the lack of interest
by the general public.

c. Motion Pictures. The use of motion pic-
tures was limited to two occasions, one to which
the public was admitted without charge, while a
charge of 10 sen was levied on the other occasion.
The pictures demonstrated only the suggested
methods for extinguishing incendiary bombs.

96

General Comments

3. Practice air-raid drills were conducted
twice each year, but training officials of Naga-
saki stated that they were of little value because
of the uncooperative attitude of the public, and
poor leadership, combined with a desire to dis-
play authority, on the part of civilian defense
officials.

4. Particular emphasis was placed upon train-
ing in extinguishment of incendiary bombs.

5. Officials stated that, considering the amount
and quality of available equipment and the types
and periods of training undergone, the civilian
defense units performed creditably under condi-
tions created by the atomic bomb.

VIll. REFERENCE ITEMS

The reference material listed below is on file in
the office of G-2, United States Strategic Bomb-
ing Survey.

Reference
(item No.)

1. Blueprint map of Nagasaki, showing the following:
area destroyed or burned by atomic bomb, 9 Au-
gust 1945; burned-out areas; partially destroyed
or damaged areas; areas damaged by air raids of
11 August 1944, 26 April, 29 July, 31 July, 1 Au-
gust 1945.

Map of Nagasaki City, showing location and range
of each air-raid-warning siren. Solid lines indi-
cate the range during the daytime, and dotted
lines, the range during the night.

3. Japanese document, data on Nagasaki water system.
Sources of water; method of intake; drainage
area; effective capacity; daily mean of intake.
Filter beds: type; number and area of basins;
effective daily maximum of filtration. Clean water
reservoirs: number of basins; capacities; size of
main pipes. Number of hydrants.

4. Map showing locations of fire battalion stations
(headquarters), of substations, and auxiliary
police and fire units.

5. Data on Nagasaki fire department, including history,
districts, equipment, facilities, personnel, and in-
formation concerning auxiliary police and _ fire
units (Keibodan).

Map of Nagasaki water department system.

. Map of Nagasaki City, showing locations of large
and small water tanks (static supply) and site of
dam-up.

8S. Map of and report of survey on demolished houses
in the cities of Nagasaki prefecture.

Map of Nagasaki City, showing areas demolished
for fire breaks in November 1944; April 1945; and
July 1945.

Ww

As

97

10.

11.

12.

13.

15.

Chart of volunteer air-defense organization, Ka-
wanami Shipbuilding Company; blueprint plan of
plant layout. Exhibit C.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Nagasaki Shipbuilding
and Engine Works. Chart showing organization
of special protective unit; table showing distribu-
tion and strength of air-defense units within
plant; sketch of layout of control center; dia-
gram showing alarm communications system;
statement of damage suffered by plant in air
raids; map of Nagasaki City; blueprint map
showing locations of hydrants, water and gas
lines, pumping stations and their capacities; blue-
print chart, showing locations and capacities of
shelters; plueprint chart, showing proposed un-
derground midget submarine assembly plant;
blueprint chart of completed and unfinished tun-
nels, intended for use as shelter and for housing
machinery. Exhibit 2.

Map of Nagasaki harbor, showing harbor and air-
raid-protection installations.

Japanese text—Prefectural Plan for Evacuation of
Persons in Nagasaki and Sasebo. Exhibit J.

Japanese document—Form of certificate of evacua-
tion status.

Japanese document—Form
moval.

Japanese document—Form of report of completion
of removal.

Japanese document—Form of sufferer's certificate.

Japanese text—Distribution and cooking of emer-
gency food supply. Exhibit L.

Japanese text—Summary of War Casualty Insur-
ance. Exhibit M.

Japanese text—Prefectural record of payment un-
der War Service Allowance Law. Exhibit N.

Japanese text—Application for payment of claim for
pension and allowance under wartime disaster
protection plan. Exhibit 0.

of application for re-

EXHIBIT A

List Giving Location of the 11 Sirens in Naga-
saki, Showing Horsepower and Range of Each

The following is a list of the sirens by which the
City of Nagasaki was warned. The numbers oppo-
site each siren represent its location in the City
of Nagasaki as shown on the map of Nagasaki,
Reference Item 2, submitted with this report.

Radii of coverage
of sirens in
Location Horse- kilometers | Installed by—
power —)—
Day- Night-
time time
City Office:
Yee Sores 20 3.5 | 4.5 | Nagasaki City.
RES OT cman eee sa 1.6 1.0) 1.5 Do.
NS) S Were ereaesroees ane 5 2.0 3.0 Do.
(BD Seti ia'd Bucaee 2 1.0 1:5| Do.
{5 Weiner Pie eri Wie 2.5 | 3.0 Do.
CUMS AAS sree 10 3.5 4.0 Do.
Garrison Headquarters

A) at ee ouicinly Saoe 14 3.0 3.5 Do.
UG) eh, sittin Space ia 10 3.5 4.0 Mitsubishi

Ordnance plant.
MON atiraae keine 10 3.0 3.5 | Mitsubishi Steel

Co.
WAND) svar atoss pha kt ators | 10 3.0 3.5 | Mitsubishi

Shipyards.
[0 ere ie 10 3.0 3.5 Do.

|

98

EXHIBIT B

List of Officials Interviewed in
Nagasaki City

1. Fujimoto, Soshiro: Present chief of the
Nagasaki fire department.
2. Yoshii, Banshiro:
Nagasaki fire department.

Hirado police station.

Second chief of the
Present chief of the

3. Ishimatsu, Yatsuki: First chief of the
Nagasaki fire department. Retired.

4. Yamaguchi, Nobue: Chief of the Nagasaki
water police department.
5. Furuse, C.: Chief of the Nagasaki water

department.

EXHIBIT C

Report on Study Made of the Kawanami
Ship Building, Ltd., Nagasaki
(Reference Item 9)

1. Introduction. a. Name. Kawanami Ship-
building, Ltd.

b. Ownership. WKawanami is a limited cor-
poration valued at 50,000,000 yen, and has 4,000
stockholders. It is part of the Kawanami chain
and Mr. Kawanami, president of the organization,
is the heavy stockholder in the corporation.

«. Address. Nagasaki Ken, Nishi Songi Gun-
Fukahori Mura.

d. General Manager. Mr. Yoshida was the
general manager of the corporation and one of
the individuals interviewed.

e. Area, Ground area was 2,160,000 square
feet, which included 1,080,000 square feet build-
ing floor space.

f. Departments. The organization was di-
vided into 25 departments.

g. Buildings. Buildings included brick, wood
and concrete construction; however, many of the
wooden buildings were originally torn down to
make fire breaks.

h. Principal War Production. This plant was
engaged in producing small freighters of approxi-
mately 1,500 tons displacement, and it produced
an average of six and one-half ships per month,
with a one-time peak of eight and one-half ships
in a month.

i. Post-War Prospects. This plant was built
for war-time use and was not in operation before
the war. Present plans, however, contemplate
taking on repair construction for a period and
later the resumption of shipbuilding in the 1,500
ton class.

j. Raw Stocks. Raw stocks, plates and shapes
were acquired from the Yawata Rolling Mills and
were stored in the plant area and adjacent ware-
house space. Critical or combustible stocks were
placed in tunnels, in recessed space in the plant
floor and behind concrete or steel baffles. Engines
and boilers were stored in the open yard with no
protection whatsoever,

k. In the period from 6 September 1948 to 7
June 1945 this little plant launched 154 ships.

1, Control and Responsibility. This plant was
privately owned, government controlled, and was
part of the chain administered by Kawanami

whose career resembled in many respects that of
Henry J. Kaiser.

m. This yard was far smaller than Mitsubishi
Yard, made a better record than they during the
war, and plans were made for mass production.
The main assembly line was down the center and
accommodated six ships in what was literally a
small drydock. Subassemblies were constructed
in the wings on each side of the dock and were
‘arried into position by overhead cranes. Minor
assemblies were either built in the small adjoin-
ing plant area or purchased ready built, as in the
‘ase of the boilers and engines, and shipped in by
ship or train. Dependence on rail and water
transportation crippled this plant seriously be-
fore the advent of the atomic bomb. The atomic
bomb stopped it entirely. From March until the
end of the war supplies were almost nonexistent.

2. Organization. The general manager headed
the volunteer air defense unit (Bokujiyu Tai) and
was assisted by two vice chiefs. Included in the
headquarters section were a headquarters stalf,
general affairs squad, provisioning squad, and
headquarters messengers. Under the headquar-
ters were six units, making up the balance of the
air-raid-protection unit. These included a suicide
unit, volunteer air-defense unit, reserve volunteer
unit, two repair units, and a medical unit.

a. Duties of Units in Headquarters Section.

(1) The headquarters staff was charged
with liaison between the headquarters section
and the various plant sections.

(2) The general affairs squad was the
police and administrative body of the air-
raid-protection organization.

(3) Provisioning Squad handled the is-
suance of food at the plant in the event of an
air-raid or in protracted periods of alarm
status, where it was necessary for people to
remain in shelters, :

(4) The messenger squad consisted of 20
people and did the actual carrying of mes-
sages from the headquarters section.

b. The Suicide Unit (Kesshitai). This section
was composed of 20 groups of three men each and
it was their duty to remain at their concrete look.
out posts and report the position of bomb hits in

the event of attack. These pillboxes were not
equipped with telephones.

ec. Air Defense. The air-defense unit was com-
posed of five squadrons, each of which was sub-
divided into three platoons, as follows:

(1) Fire Platoon. This platoon was com
posed of 15 men who were charged with fire
fighting, and were volunteer units recruited
from plant personnel. Other than good
health and a strong physique, no other quali-
fications were necessary and no extra pay
was granted for this duty. A full-time in-
structor was maintained as the chief; he con-
ducted classes three times during the war.
The classes at these instruction periods were
of t-hour duration each and covered han-
dling of poles, ladders, hand pumps, and fire-
fighting technique.

(2) Demolition Platoon. This platoon
was composed of 12 trained men whose gen-
eral duties were to tear down buildings or
wreckage which were inimical to progress of
plant operations and to make repairs.

(3) First-Aid Platoon, As in the previous
platoon, this unit was composed of 12 men.
They were equipped with 40 stretchers and
throughout the war received a total of two
hours training in the performance of their
duties which consisted of handling the in-
jured and methods of stretcher transporta-
tion. They were not instructed in first-aid.

d. Medical Unit (Chiryotai). This unit was
staffed with personnel from the plant hospital and
included two doctors, 18 registered nurses and 20
stretcher bearers, composed of one pharmacist
chief and 19 assistants. The duties of this see-
tion were to move hospital patients to tunnels up-
on receipt of an air-raid alarm and to set up cas-
ualty stations there. The tunnel shelter had a
complete operating room and X-ray equipment,
plus necessary medical supplies to handle major
and minor injuries. The plant hospital had ten
beds, one operating room, one surgical and one
medical treatment room, The hospital also was
completely equipped and did not depend upon
the medical equipment in the tunnels for medical
work. ;

e. Reserve. The reserve volunteer unit was in
every respect identical with the previously dis-
cussed volunteer unit. In actual practice this
unit was not called upon.

f. Repair Unit. There were two repair units,
Nos. 1 and 2, which were geographical in charae-

100

ter and included 40 to 60 men, respectively, These
men had no training and no special equipment
with which to carry out their duties, which were
to repair whatever damage might be inflicted by
an air-raid. There was no independent plant
maintenance department to offer guidance or to
assist them.

3. Shelters. This plant was well equipped
with an intricate system of tunnels which would
accommodate 3,500 persons in one system and
2,000 in another. These tunnels were cut in a
nearby hill, which was well over 300 feet high,
and each was equipped with blast doors and had
i right [. turn near the entrance. They were
equipped with individual lighting systems and
complete casualty and first-aid stations, as pre-
viously mentioned. Although the shelters were
not gasproof, they could be considered adequate
against a normal attack and were above the aver-
age found in many other plants in Japan. The cost
of one section was 315,000 yen and took over five
months to build. The cost was borne entirely by
the company. It was the policy to move women
and hospital cases to shelter on the air alert and
the remainder of the plant personnel upon receipt
of the air alarm.

4. Air-Raid Warning. The first warning of an
impending raid was received at the plant control
center directly from Nagasaki fortress. The air
alert signal was then relayed throughout the plant
by use of hand bell stations which were in hear-
ing distance of each other. The alert bell signal,
which consisted of two rings, was supplemented
by the raising of a white flag, the air alarm sig-
nal was indicated by tive rings and the hoisting
of a red flag. Ordinary radio warnings were also
received. No siren or other signal was used. Al-
though the siren in an adjacent plant could be
heard it was not depended upon for warning.
Control Center. This was placed in a cave
in the nearby mountain. It was equipped with
telephone and radio. The center was 36 by nine
by six feet and generally housed the entire head-
quarters staff during a raid. Its structure was
not adequate, however, because normal seepage so
softened the roofing structure it caved in of its
own weight, September 1945.

6. Water Supply. The main water supply was
in a 336,000 gallon reservoir, which had a head of
75 feet. This water was piped to the plant yard
through a 4inch pipe. The water system in-
cluded 15 hydrants, but most were unusable due
to low pressure caused by obstructions in the

D.

pipes. In fact, the general manager stated that
his pipe system had not been used for fire-fighting
services during the war for this reason. Pressure
at the base of the reservoir pipe was approxi-
mately 35 pounds per square inch and threw a 30-
foot stream through a three-quarter inch nozzle.
There were two sea-water static tanks in the
plants, but insufficient pumps and hose to use
them.

7. Protective Equipment. Fire equipment in-
cluded six hand pumps of 120-gallon capacity;
four gasoline pumps, two of which would operate,
were available in the plant compound, but be-
longed to neighboring volunteer police and _ fire
units (Keibodan). Capacity of these pumps were:
two of 450 g. p. m. and two of 150 g. p. m., and
hose available included 33—65-foot sections of two
inch and 15-65-foot sections of two and one-half
inch hose. Additional fire equipment included 40
beaters, 100 mats, 100 sand boxes, 60 hooks, 10
ladders, 500 shovels, and 500 buckets. The equip-
ment available was definitely insufficient to pro-
tect the plant, even against normal fires. The
manager knew this and was apologetic concern-
ing his equipment, but said he was unable to ob-
tain more.

8. Dispersal. Ninety percent of all machine
tools were either dispersed or protected in some
manner. About 60 percent of the machine tool
equipment was in tunnels on a nearby island in
the bay, another 20 percent was in nearby build-
ings away from the main plant; and the remain-
ing 10 percent, which included massive machines,
were either sunk below floor level or were pro-
tected by concrete or steel baffles. Dispersal was
started in May 1945, one month before the goy-
ernment order which came out in June 1945.

101

9. Mutual Aid, <A little assistance could be
expected from local auxiliary police and fire units,
but not in sufficient quantity to be of any yalue.
As previously mentioned, the nearby auxiliary
police and fire unit gasoline pumpers were kept
near the entrance of the plant.

10. Protective Lighting and Camouflage. Light-
ing was controlled by a switch at the main trans-
former and office buildings were equipped with
blackout curtains.

11. Kawanami Ship Building
Plant was of an unusual type for Japan. The as-
sembly line, which was in the factory proper, was
actually a long narrow drydock. While this dock
was not camouflaged, the general geographical
setting and configuration of the plant was such
as to be a successful disguise to the extent of con-
cealing the nature of the establishment. The pro-
duction line was open to aerial photography, due
to the fact that the plant personnel had removed
the wooden roof as a fire hazard. The roof was
considered a fire hazard because the plant had in-
sufficient fire-fighting equipment to extinguish
flames on the roof, Although the plant was never
a direct target of an air-raid and never did sus-
tain any damage, it is estimated that it would
have been completely helpless in the event of at-
tack. On five different occasions the plant man-
ager voluntarily emphasized that the plans which
they had were “paper plans,” and without the
equipment to back them up they were worthless.
He further stated that the general rule at the
time of raids was to head for shelter and leave
the plant to its fate. He further stated that the
only reason they had “paper plans” was to meet
the requirements of laws requiring them.

Comments.

EXHIBIT D

Report on Study Made of the Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Heavy Torpedo Works,

Nagasaki. Five

1. Introduction. A detailed plant protection
study of the Mitsubishi Torpedo Works at Naga-
saki was not undertaken, but detailed examina-
tion was made of the underground dispersal plant
of this factory in the nearby hills, some 1,000
yards from the main factory buildings. Six spe-
cially constructed tunnels, housing some of the
heavy machine tool operations of the torpedo as-
sembly department, proved to be very effective
against damage caused by the atomic bomb ex-
plosion, The approximate location of these tun-
nels with respect to the zero point of the bomb
blast is shown on the map included as part of
this exhibit. From appearance of the machine
tools and general working conditions found with-
in the tunnels, this plant was in the process of
getting organized and established after the com-
pletion date of February, 1945, and did not ae-
tually assume its full production capacity by the
time the war terminated. However, this opera-
tion is a typical example of the Japanese plan
for dispersal of vital war industries undertaken
by the Ministry of Munitions at a date too late
in the progress of the war to be fully effective
against crippling raids on their production facil-
ities,

2. Underground Dispersal. The main plants
of the Mitsubishi Heavy Torpedo Works were lo-
cated approximately 1,000 yards on the opposite
slope of one of the foothills of the mountains at
Nagasaki from the site selected for the under-
ground dispersal of the machine tool operations
of the torpedo assembly plant. Six large tunnels,
as hereinafter described, were bored into the side
of the mountain, in which it was obviously in-
tended to house all of the power and machine tool
operations of the plant. Construction of the tun-
nels began during August of 1944, with about 50
percent of the program being fully completed and
ready for occupancy by February of 1945. Space
for the accommodation of 25 percent additional
machine tool operations was available at the
termination of the war, 15 August 1945, the re-
mainder of the program being abandoned after
that date. According to the spacing of the ma-
chine operations in the underground tunnels it is
estimated that facilities were available to employ

illustrations.

at least 2,500 operators of lathes, drill presses,
reamers, shapers, punches, die-making machines,
machine threading tools, buffers, and other finish-
ing devices.

3. Tunnel Construction. Six parallel tunnels
were bored through a mountain foothill, the base
of which was 1,115 feet (340 meters), with one
lateral tunnel connecting all six, bored midway
and at right angles to the parallel tunnels. The
borings were 9 feet 9 inches in height by 144%
feet in width through solid rock and the interior
of the tunnels that were completed were encased
with approximately 6 inches of finished concrete.
(Photo 1) The entrances of the tunnels at either
end of the horizontal shaft were protected by heavy
wooden doors, built of 4-inch by 4-inch material,
with some attempt made to apply camouflage paint-
ing (Photo 2) to blend with the color of the sur-
rounding terrain. No heating devices were pro-
vided for the tunnels and the only ventilation pos-
sible was through openings at either end of the
borings. It was apparently contemplated to con-
struct heavy baffles to protect the entrances, one
such baffle having been erected prior to the
cessation of hostilities, which was 18 feet long
at the base by 4 feet in width by 15 feet in height
and battered to a 2-foot finish at the top, con-
structed of heavy timber filled with crushed stone
and earth.

Power Supply. Power for the operation of the
plant was secured from the Nagasaki City power
supply and distributed through four large trans-
formers located within 100 feet of a tunnel en-
trance and completely unprotected against bomb
blast or weather.

Water Supply. Water was supplied to each of
the tunnel operations from a reservoir located at
the top of the nearby mountain and transmitted
through a 6-inch steel pipe with 4-inch laterals
running into each tunnel from the supply main
controlled by gate valves, all of which pipe was
laid on the exposed surface of the ground.

4. Manufacturing Processes. Raw steel, bronze,
and aluminum alloy castings were supplied to
this operation, at which point such finished prod-
ucts as pistons, connecting rods, wrist pins, valve

tappets and many small torpedo assembly parts
were machined and finished. (Photos 3 and 4.)

5. Effect of the Atomic Bomb. At the time of
the explosion of the atomic bomb at 1102 hours on
9 August 1945, those portions of the underground
operations completed and installed with machine
tools were in complete operation. It is reliably
reported that no lives were lost or injuries sus-
tained by employees, the only damage incurred

713677—47—9

103

being at the tunnel entrances where three of the
six doors were partially pushed in and shattered
by the impact of the bomb blast. These tunnel
shelters indeed offered adequate and complete pro-
tection to both personnel and machine tool oper-
ations against the terrific blast effect of the atomic
bomb, especially in view of the proximity of this
underground plant to the zero point of the atomic
bomb explosion.

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

104

Photo 3.

i SS ha nn. ef
Bh oe, PE hh
Dy atl ed Ses Te
a ae si x > ; %,
Th % bd %
~*, a ; : > , ;

\ <a a
re

- se iy “4
et EES
4 Se eae

Photo 4.

105

Photo 5.

106

EXHIBIT E

Report on Study Made of the Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Nagasaki Shipbuilding

and Engine Works (Reference Item 11)

1. Introduction. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Lid., Nagasaki Shipbuilding and Engine Branch,
is located on the west side of Nagasaki harbor.

a. Address. No. 1, Akunora Machi, Nagasaki
City.

b. Area, 526,937 square meters,

¢. Number of Departments. There are 14 de

partments which include general affairs, business
affairs, ship design, ship building, engine design,
engineering, electrical, inspection, technical re-
search, traffic, ship equipment, labor, building and
maintenance and the hospital. It is well to point
out that the departments or branches of this or-
ganization were larger than departments of most
establishments; in fact, a department in Mitsu-
bishi was as large as a whole plant, and some of
them included as many as 4,000 or 5,000 people.
In reality then, the study of the air-raid-protec-
tion organization covers several plants,

d. Personnel, The Mitsubishi Shipbuilding
and Engine Works employed over 25,000 people.

e. Building Coustruction. The plant had in
all 452 buildings, the area of which is shown be-
low:

Square Meters
(1) Conerete and steel 189,000
(2) Wood i. 936,000
(3) Structural steel 1,260,000
(4) Brick 207,000

It is interesting to point out that originally 14
percent of the buildings were of wood but after
the remoyal of some of them to form fire breaks
there were less than 5 percent.

f. Principal War Products. This organization
produced 10 percent of all the shipping of Japan,
including coast defense ships, 5-man submarines,
torpedo boats, marine boilers, turbine and Diesel
engines and oil tankers of the 10,000-ton class.

xg. Principal Peacetime Production included
battleships, passenger and cargo ships, cargo
ships, marine boilers, turbines, and Diesel en-
gines, At the present time, Mitsubishi has a go-
ahead schedule to finish such tankers as she had in
process and to outfit 2 freighters which had
reached that stage of completion.

h. Raw Stocks. An attempt was
store raw stocks accordance with

made to

in their in-

10

‘

flammability, explosive nature and combustibility.
Gasoline, gunpowder, and explosive and inflam-
mable compounds, such as paints and varnishes,
were stored in bombproof tunnels which were dug
in the side of an adjoining mountain. These
tunnels were reinforced with concrete and steel,
had the entrances baffled, and, in many cases, in-
cluded right-angle turns to prevent blast damage
in the event of a nearby explosion. Aluminum,
bronze, tool steel, nickel steel, and tungsten were
stored in nearby warehouses and such materials
as gum and lumber were given outside storage.

i. Mitsubishi’s output before and during the
war included:

Before war During war

Merchant vessels

Total | Total

Number tonnage Number | tonnage
Passenger and cargo... .... 87 601,000 6 67,000
ORE A Sate git sn ay eads 86 474,000 3 21,000
OEE COON oe ecw sanette 10 94,000 33 292,000
[iO ee ae « 46 28,000 1 | 250
Grand total... 229 1,197,000 43 380,250
Warships* Before war | During war
De RIA inne SIR ErInIe eerie 2 1
Aircraft carrior, .......:.0202s0e . 0) 3
CRUE wane oc dbuacne as a ws td pest ale bie il 0
NOOR od val dates Saks « seins Uncen x 0% 25 5
Submarine depot ship........... ia Waceu we 2 0
Spaclad aervied SU veep eh ae Gece eek ‘ 1 2
Coast defense ebin. s 6 «<5 <i: <\vven cee s cease 0 SI
ROMO eee Conisaccucs Sasa’ cocve% ; 0 3
CARO OR a cicieciho as ‘aisfen ainje/nielmas'e 41 45

!Tonnages of this class of vessels not secured,

j. This plant was privately owned by the Mit-
subishi Company and was operated by that com-
pany, but was under the direct control of the
Japanese government.

2. Control and Responsibility. Mitsubishi
Shipbuilding and Engine Works looked to the
Munitions Ministry for guidance and instructions
on matters of air-raid protection, but also re-
ceived a certain amount of assistance and diree-
tion from the local prefectural government. Man-
agement was made directly responsible for air-
raid-protection of the plant and carried out this

responsibility and control through an organiza-
tion referred to as “special air-raid-protection
organization” (Tokosetsu Bogodan). The man-
agement was vitally interested in air-raid protec-
tion, went to great lengths and took extensive pre-
cautions to protect their factory, and, in this con-
nection, made the general manager of the plant
the titular leader of the air-raid-protection unit.
He, however, passed on responsibility for direct
control of the administration to the manager of
the general affairs department,

3. Organization. The air-raid-protection unit
(Bogodan) had a branch (Shibu) in each of its
nine departments. Each department was divided
into sub-units called (Bundans) and each of these
sub-units was divided into four squads (Hans).
There were 42 units in the plant and the four
squads were usually referred to as the general
affairs squad (30 people), guard squad (80 peo-
ple), fire squad (75 people), first-aid squad (60
people) and the repair squad (75 people). (Ref-
erence Item 11.)

a. General Affairs. The general affairs squads
kept records and did other general administra-
tive duties. They acted as a liaison arm forming
a part of the air-raid-warning net by relaying
alarms and, in addition, took care of the feeding
of personnel during the night shift when the
regular feeding department was inoperative.

b. Guard Squad, The guard squads were nor-
mally composed of 80 men who were chosen for
their strong bodies and generally good health.
Their duties were to act as watchers, criers and
to preserve order, as well as minister to those
stricken in the event of gas attack.

(1) As watchers they acted both as fire
watchers and aircraft spotters. The former
duties were performed in small concrete pill-
boxes, many of which were stationed through-
out the plant, and as aircraft spotters their
duty was to take station at the top of the
hills behind the plant and call in the informa-
tion by phone as it became available. Fur-
ther duties required that the guard depart-
ment act as liaison, as well as to assist the
fire department in the event it became con-
fronted with a situation which necessitated
reserves,

(2) Training was conducted five times a
month by the army and included instruction
in such subjects as aircraft spotting and
recognition, as well as gas and fire protec-
tion measures,

108

(3) Equipment included several pairs of
binoculars and 10,000 gas masks, but it is of
interest to point out that the personnel of
the plant did not know how to use the masks
and no classes were conducted on this sub-
ject.

ce. Fire-Fighting Squad, The fire squads were
recruited from among the plant personnel and
the only requirements laid down were that they
be healthy specimens and have a strong interest
in fire protection.

(1) The full-time fire department con-
sisted of 70 personnel, and positions on this
staff must have been in demand for the man-
ager stated that there was a sizeable waiting
list requesting assignment to that depart-
ment. In addition to the permanent staff,
each subunit included a volunteer fire de-
partment of 75 men who received their fire-
fighting training from the prefectural fire de-
partment once a month in classes that lasted
for three hours. Subjeets covered in these
lectures were the handling of incendiaries, in-
cident control, ladder climbing and the use
of the hand pump.

(2) Fire equipment included: (Para-
graph 4, Protective Equipment.) It is of in-
terest to point out in passing that the com-
pany originally ordered 1,365 hand pumps to
assist in the protection of the plant, and, in
spite of repeated requests to the government
for help, they were never able to obtain more
than 704 of the requested pumps. This short-
age strongly affected their air-vaid protection,
and, in the end, contributed strongly to the
stoppage of their plant.

(3) It is of further interest to point out
that the professional fire department did not
attend any particular school but did get a
small amount of instruction from the prefec-
tural fire department about once every 6
months. The experience level of the plant
professional fire fighters was not as good as
that of the city department and that of the
city department was reputedly low.

d. Emergency Medical Squad. The emergency
medical squads were composed of approximately
60 persons and a leader.

(1) The leaders went to the hospital ap-
proximately three times a month, attended
classes of three hours each in the principles
of first aid, and then returned to their squads
and demonstrated to their men the points

learned at the school. The leaders required
the personnel in their squads actually to per-
form bandaging and application of tourni-
quets, as well as other first-aid operations.

(2) There were three main casualty sta-
tions in the plant and these were augmented
by over 1,200 stretcher stations. Stretcher
stations were equipped with a stretcher, band-
ages, tourniquets, splints and equipment to
relieve a patient in the event of gas burns.
The casualty stations were staffed with seven
nurses in normal times, but, during an air
raid, this staff was increased to two doctors
and 13 to 15 nurses. Casualty stations were
wooden buildings, were not protected in any
fashion whatsoever, and, therefore, in the
event of air raid, the staff took shelter and
stayed there until the raid was over. Cas-
ualty stations had sufficient equipment for
minor surgery such as sewing up wounds and
removing glass splinters, but major opera-
tions were performed at the hospital which
was on the factory grounds.

(3) The hospital was staffed with 40
regular nurses, 11 student nurses, eight stu-
dent pharmacists, five practical pharmacists,
and 22 doctors. Its equipment included two
operating rooms, X-ray equipment, five con-
sultation offices and 101 beds. Casualties
were transported to the hospital either by
truck or stretcher.

e. Repair Squad. Repair of the plant in the
event of air-raid damage was supposed to have
been handled by the plant maintenance personnel
with the assistance of a volunteer repair squad.
Bach repair squad consisted of approximately 75
persons who were assigned in each department.
In general, no repairing was done, however, due
to the tremendous shortage of material.

4. Protective Equipment. The fire-protection
equipment was better than average, but was far
from sufficient to handle a plant of this tre-
mendous size. The list of equipment included
four pumpers (450 g. p. m.) mounted on truck
chassis. This number of four was modified to
three after the raid of 1 August 1945 dune to the
fact that one pumper was destroyed in the fire
that followed the attack. There were 14 fixed
gasoline pumpers (450 g. p.m.) and 15 fixed elec-
trie pumps (1,000 g. p. m.), six manually-drawn
gasoline pumps (450 g. p. m.), five fire boats (450
g. p.m.) until the raid of 1 August 1945 when one
fire boat was sunk. In addition to this equipment,

109

there were over 400 hydrants, 1,400 portable fire
extinguishers, 180 gas coats, 10,000 gas masks,
5,000 helmets and 5,000 sand boxes. One must not
be misled by this rather impressive list of equip-
ment. There were many factors that altered the
initial impression. During an extended tour of
the plant, many hand extinguishers were checked
and not one was in operating condition. Gaso-
line pumpers which remained after the raids were
not stored under cover and not one of them had
enough hose aboard to fight a fire. Plant per-
sonnel admitted at the time of the inspection that
even in the event of a small fire they would be
powerless to stop it. There is no doubt that this
What hose was in evidence was strewn
haphazardly about the plant and was in the
process of deterioration. The fact is that this
deterioration had been going on before the end
of the war and was slowly depleting the factory
supply due to the inability to replace. Orig-
inally this supply included 40,000 feet of 24-inch
hose and 20,000 feet of 14-inch hose.

was true.

However,
at the time of the inspection, it is doubtful that
there were 1,000 feet of usable hose available.

5. Water Supply. A casual glance would lead
one to believe (Reference Item 3) that the water
supply would be adequate for normal or average
conditions, but this was not the case. There were
two main sources of water. One consisted of a
fresh water supply obtained from Nagasaki water
mains through a 6-inch pipe and delivered at a
pressure of 35 pounds per square inch. This water
was distributed throughout the plant and was
stored in 8 tanks having a total capacity of
896,000 gallons. (Reference Item 7.) Seven hun-
dred thousand gallons of this capacity was lost
in the raid of 1 August 1945. In addition to the
fresh water supply there were three separate sys-
tems of salt water pumps and piping, including
one pump delivering 21,500 g. p. h. at 70 pounds
per square inch; a second pump delivering 50,000
g. p. h. at 35 pounds per square inch; and a third
pump delivering 13,000 g. p. h. at 70 pounds per
square inch, This water supply was supple-
mented by 1,500 small static tanks containing 12
gallons each, which were distributed at various
places throughout the plant. It is interesting to
note that in the raid of 1 August 1945 the water
pressure from the city mains was too low to use
without pumpers and there was no salt water
system in the area affected. Consequently, fire
fighters ended up by using hand pumps and
buckets. Obviously, they fought a losing battle

and the buildings in question burned. <Auto-
matic sprinklers were not in evidence in any part
of the plant and most of the plant personnel were
not acquainted with their value.

6. Shelters. There is no doubt that the most
outstanding part of Mitsubishi’s air-raid protee-
tion was their shelters. These were divided into
three types: exterior—tunnels dug in the side of
the mountain and reinforced with conerete; in-
terior—shelters which were built under heavy
machinery or shipways and shelters which were
completely designed concrete and steel strnctures
constructed inside of the plant and used in con-
nection with watching stations.

a. Tunnel shelters were by far the most ade-
quate and were designed to house most of the per-
sonnel, whereas the shelters under the ways and
machinery were makeshift in character and were
used only in the event personnel did not have
time to get to hillside tunnels. The concrete and
steel shelters and watching posts combined were
used mainly for the members of the air-raid-pro-
tection department and great efforts were made
to put concrete, boiler plate and reinforcing steel
together in such a fashion as to make them im-
pregnable.

b. As to the quality of the shelters, the tun-
nels could be considered adequate for anything
but direct hits near their entrances. In the case
of interior shelters and their incident pillboxes,
these were satisfactory for anything but direct
hits. In one instance, an interior shelter was
struck by a 500-pound bomb and its 10 occupants
were all killed. During the same raid one of the
concrete watching stations was struck and six
persons were killed. There were a few interior
shelters which were constructed beneath the floor
of large buildings. These had a capacity of ap-
proximately 20 persons, were covered with about
four or five inches of steel plate and concrete,
and measured five feet by seven feet by 15 feet.
In general, it may be said that the shelters were
adequate in number and inadequate in construc.
tion with the exception of the tunnels which
afforded excellent protection.

7. Air-Raid Warning System. The initial air-
raid warning was received by a telephone call
from the Nagasaki army headquarters, as well as
the local telephone office, by radio and city siren.
In each case the messages were picked up by the
coutrol center which was in the basement of one
of the administration buildings. The interior

alarm was then transmitted to the separate

110

branches, departmental branches and to the peo-
ple in the plant by telephone, loudspeaker, and
siren, respectively. Additional warning was given
inside the plant by the use of bell ringers and
criers.

a. Control Center. The control center was lo-
cated in the basement of the main administration
building. Its arrangements and the character of its
protection would place it in a highly satisfactory
status. The normal complement of the control
center was ten on ordinary days and was in-
creased to 20 during air alerts. This center was
approximately 300 square meters, was equipped
with a public address system, siren switch, gas
mask, telephone switchboard. Incident control
was handled by the manager of each department
unless the incident became catastrophic, then the
manager of the plant interceded. Mach separate
plant had its own control center which was nor-
mally one of the watching stations, especially
equipped with telephone or speaking tubes,

8. Protective Lighting and Coucealment,
Light control was handled in the normal fashion.
The whole plant was equipped with blackout cur-
tains which were highly suecessful at the outset
but, when the material began to get old and wear
out, trouble began. Cloth was not available and
so the light control plan suffered accordingly. All
lights could be turned off by actuating one switch
which was located near the main transformer, It
was pointed out that towards the end of the war
many man hours were lost due to blackouts which
involyed the shutting off of lights entirely. Very
little effort was made to camouflage the plant in
general. Certain smoke stacks were painted
black and three storage bins near the south part
of the plant were rather effectively painted so as
to blend with the surrounding scenery. But other
than these instances, there was little evidence of
protective concealment,

9. Operations. During the alert signals, the
employees were instructed to continue their work
and an effort was made to keep an accurate
enough check on the raiders to give the people 15
minutes’ time to reach the shelters. It was the
policy of all workmen who were not in the air-
defense units to take shelter outside of the plant.
Those who were to act as guards and fire fighters
stayed in the plant building shelters in order to
be immediately available if and when incidents
occurred. These included the fire-fighting section,
guard, first-aid and all other sections involved in
air-raid protection. Although there were several

raids on the plant (raid damage chart) the raid
that seemed to stand out most in the minds of
those interviewed was the one of 1 August 1945.
On this particular day the Mitsubishi plants were
visited by 2 P-51s, 2 P-3S8s, 28 B-25s, 42 B-24s.
(Damage list.) Several lessons stand out in this
particular bombing, and had the Mitsubishi per-
sonnel learned them previously, the raid of 1 Au-
gust might not have been so disastrous.

a. The one thing that seemed to upset the per-
sonnel the most was that the planes came in
waves, thus keeping them in their shelters until
it was too late to put a stop to the blaze.

hb. The power pumper near the original fire
was knocked out by the first wave.

c¢. The road leading into the stricken area was
blocked by debris and it was impossible to bring
in additional pumpers.

d. One fireboat was sunk and another arrived
late due to the fact that the captain had been
killed.

e. Water pressure was too low in the area and
water had to be brought in buckets.

f. The fire was so great that it, coupled with
the aforementioned difficulties in paragraphs a to
d, caused the people to become so excited that all
finally gave up and ran for their lives, including
those who were supposed to fight the fire.

The Atomic Bomb, Although the greater por-
tion of the Mitsubishi Shipyards were out of
range of the atomic bomb, some of this plant did
suffer. It is interesting to note that an air alarm
was called on the morning of 9 August but was
eancelled. At approximately 1100, an explosion
occurred at which time the general manager of
the plant (person interviewed) was standing in a
door looking in the direction where the bomb fell.
He reported that he saw a terrific flash of light
but heard little or no sound as he was several
miles from the center of impact. In view of the
fact that the air alarm had been called off, all
Mitsubishi personnel were at their jobs. One
thousand two hundred and ninety-three persons
lost their lives in the factory and a great amount
of damage was done, (Damage list.) Inquiry rel-
ative to the effectiveness of the atomic bomb and
methods of combating it were received with a
shrug of despair. Even though the greater por-
tion of the Mitsubishi Shipyard was undamaged
by the atomic bomb, although previously dam-
aged in other raids, what remained of the plant
was stopped immediately due to shortage of per-

111

sonnel. People would not come to work when
they did not have adequate housing.

10. Dispersal. Mitsubishi was very progres:
sive and efforts to disperse and to go underground
were well underway when the war ended. In fact,
5 percent of the machine tools were already un-
derground and operations were being pushed to
build more tunnels and to put whole factories
underground. It was the plan to put all their
materials for production in tunnels adjacent to
the plant; in fact, two of the tunnels were already
cut and production was in progress at the time of
inspection. Other tunnels were in process of con-
struction and many were actually in use. One
tunnel in the south of Nagasaki City, a vehicular
tunnel, was being used to house heavy machinery
used in connection with the Mitsubishi engine
plant. Other efforts at dispersal included the use
of six schools, three additional vehicular tunnels,
a warehouse and a distant factory. Tunnelling
was started originally in October 1944, pursuant
to army order, and it is certain that, had the war
lasted for 6 months longer, the greater percentage
of machine tools and processing equipment would
have been beneath the ground,

The Mitsubishi Shipbuilding,
Ltd., was an excellent example of a tremendous
concern with unlimited resources and engineering
personnel which tried its best with what equip-
ment it could muster; learned from each sue-
cessive raid and attempted to alter its plans ac-
cordingly; but failed in the end due to the mag-
nitude of the attacks and the ineident damage
confronting them. Efforts to camouflage an in-
stallation of this size or to put its main opera-
tions underground were obviously impossible. The
problem, therefore, resolved itself into dispersal,
fire protection, and shelters, Dispersal and shel-
ters were handled admirably by this organiza-
tion. Fire protection seemed to be the insur-
mountable obstacle. The greater portion of sub-
assembly work in this type of plant could be and
was dispersed or placed underground, but final
assembly, due to the size of the product, had, of
necessity, to be brought outdoors and in the open.
As the raids grew more frequent and more in-
tense, the damage mounted in direct proportion
due to the fact that each raid not only taxed the
original facilities but also destroyed much of the
fire-fighting equipment which was irreplaceable.
In spite of the well intended efforts which the
management made, the shortage of equipment,

ll. Comments.

which became progressively more acute, eventual- and the general order was given to take shelter,
ly made evident to the fire-fighting personnel, wait until the raid was over, then try to hold the

even before the advent of the atomic bomb, that damage to a minimum. Personnel interviewed
plant personnel must give up. They decided there were resigned to this and felt they could do no
was no method of combating the raids effectively more.

112

.

EXHIBIT F

Tables Showing Lighting Conditions in
Nagasaki, and the Decrease in Lighting
Due to the Application of Light Control

Measures
From data supplied by Prefectural Government Engineers SCHOOL LIGHTING
COMMON STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM {Estimated figures]
4 = )
Number) Annual | Average Estimated | Annual | Average |
Period | of power con-) wattage daily Remarks Period Number power con- wattage Per
| units sumption per burning of units sumption | per unit outlet
H unit hours KWH |
1939. . / 900 75,600 23 10 Year ran from LOBE AR AC OCEEE 4,000 | 62,000 | 40 1.3
1940, . 900 75,600 23 10 April through ISEG, o<iodes'nes 4,000 — 63,500 — 40 1.3
1941... 900 75,600 | 23 10 following March, BEOE iy Sey S05 aS 4,000 65,500 40 1.4
1942.. 200 3,600 | 10 5 with number of ers 4,000 | 63,000 40>. L3
1943... 180 2,700 | 10 4 units as of 30 Raa tne vases 4,000 53,000 40- Eek
1944... 180 1,620 10 2.5 October. ee Sn 3,800 43,100 | 40 0.9
1945. . / 100 240 10 | 2. April to July only. ES | 3,500 12,000 410 0.3
/ |

STREET CAR COMPANY STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

60,480

1939. 7) Year ran from
1940. 400 | 60,480 | 60 7 April through
1941... 500 75,600 — 60 7 following March,
1942. . 420 | 22,680 | 30 5 with number of
1943... 350 18,900 30 | 5 units as of 30
1944... 350 11,340 | 30 | 3 October.
1945... 200 | 2,160 30 | 3 | April to July only.
INDOORS
Annual Average Estimated
Period Number power con- wattage KWH per
of units | compton. | per unit month per
KWH customer
1939: |
= Oe 62,215
Metered... . . 144,087 } 8,168,371 120 3.3
1940:
MR sidsx> 63,189 i
Metered... .. 153,240 |{ 8,323,978 |............ 3.2
1941:
i>. Saas 66,615
Metered... . . 167,489 |{ 8,543,825 |............ 3.0
1942:
1 Eee 65,246 }
Metered... . 172,348 |{ 8,258,946 |............ 2.9
1943:
Wines si. <> 64,390 }
Metered... .. 178,540 |{ 6,920,386 |............ 2.4
1944:
Fixed. ....... 60,512
Metered... .. 182,874 |{ 5,630,536 |..........++| 1.9
1945:
Fixed. ...... i 54,000 }
Metered. .... 152,000 |{ 1,279,913 |............ 0.5
1Per lighting outlet.

NOTE—These figures include domestic load above, plus stores, home-
type factories but not larger factories. There is some small power load

included.

113

See explanation in paragraph on Home Lighting.

GATE LIGHTS

[Remarks: The figures shown in the first column have been estimated.

| Estimated

: |} Annual Average
Period Number power con- wattage KWH per
of units sumption per unit | month per
KWI customer
OR, OCCR ALE 5,000 270,000 | 10 4.5
OE Cee 5,000 270,000 — 10 4.5
Cy ee 3,000 | 79,200 | 10 2.2
194B crue’ 1,000 15,600 10 1.3
TOSS. <5. skon 0 o- O lsietocteetcn
TOGO cereus 0 0 | 0 eed.
CYS ae Pe 0 | o- oD Pes Prem es
DOMESTIC POWER CONSUMPTION
1939;
Fixed. ....... 59,104 }
Metered...... 115,245 |{ 6,534,696 20 13.1
1940:
Bixedfev. 3:8 60,029 }
Metered... . . 122,592 | 6,659,182 20 3.0
1941:
Fixed. .......| 63,264 }
Metered... .. 133,991 |! 6,835,060 20 2.9
1942:
Fixed. ....... 61,983
Metered...... 137,878 |{ 6,607,156 20 2.8
1943:
Eee as xe << ic 61,170
Metered...... 142,832 |{ 5,536,284 20 2.3
1944:
Fixed........ 57,486 \
Metered...... 146,299 |{ 4,504,428 20 1.8
1945:
Fixed. co-3-52 51,300 }
Metered...... 121,600 |{ 1,023,930 20 0.5

1Almost entirely lighting load.

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114

EXHIBIT H

List of Names of Persons Inter-
viewed, Who Were in Shelters at
Time of Atomic Bomb Explosion

Subject A—Kahori, Taeko. Age 16. Subject E—Iwasaki, Kiyoshi. Age 382.
Subject B—Nakamura, Minoru. Age 28. Subject F—Uyeno, Terao. Age 44.

Subject C—Sashikata, Masami. Age 18. Subject G—Uyeno, Kikuji. Age unknown,
Subject D—Katsuki, Masashi. Age 24. Subject H—Kubo, Sakitaro. Age 59.

115

EXHIBIT I

Translation of Prefecture Plan for

the Evacuation of Persons in Nagasaki
and Sasebo (Reference Item 13)

1. Policy. Evacuation of persons (old, young,
pregnant women) to be affected in order to ren-
der Nagasaki and Sasebo cities strong in air-raid
protection.

2. Area. Nagasaki and Sasebo cities.

3. Main Points in Carrying Out Bvacuation.
a. The Objects. Residents who do not fit into
the general mobilization and air-raid protection
program, and others whose presence is not re-
quired (as follows), and the old, young, pregnant
women and school children,

(1) Those whose business is not in these
cities.
(2) Those who have no business, because

of business becoming combined or disbanded.

(8) Those living on annuities, pensions,
rentals, interest, allowances.

(4) Those in the city only for their chil-
dren’s education.

(5) Those with two residences, because of
being retired or newly married.

(6) Any others whose business does not
require their presence in the cities.

(7) School children below second grade of
primary school.

(8) Unwearned children.

(9) Pregnant women (requiring midwife
care).

(10) Aged, above 65.

(11) Necessary attendants.

Policy of Persuasion:

(1) Force is to be provided, and persua-
sion used to get people to evacuate to rel-
atives.

(2) Other evacuation areas and cities im-
portant for military reasons are to be avoid-
ed in evacuation.

(3) The fact that evacuation is for the
purpose of making a positive contribution to
the wartime allocation of citizens for increas-
ing the country’s war potential is to be made
thoroughly understood,

(4) Evacuees are to be urged to fill a
necessary duty, such as work in agriculture
or munitions factories, according to their
ability.

b.

116

¢. Methods of Persuasion:

(1) Making an enlightened explanation to
the people of the evacuation area,

(2) Such propaganda is to make the police
offices and the city the pivot and to avoid
arousing unrest.

(3) It should make the fundamental rea-
sons for evacuation clear, emphasize its neces-
sity and unify public opinion.

(4) While it should plan to afford every
facility to evacuees, still it should look to the
positive cooperation of the citizens and not
unnecessarily give rise to a spirit of de-
pendence,

(5) Thought should be given to not arous-
ing any fear of air attacks nor arouse any
tendency toward fleeing from difficulties.

(6) Offices, public and national bodies
should strive for close cooperation and uni-
fication of leadership.

4. Organizations for Carrying Out Bvacua-
tion, a. In the Nagasaki prefectural office, a
Nagasaki prefectural city evacuation headquar-
ters (Nagasaki Ken Toshi Sokei Hombu) is to
have charge of unifying and controlling the
evacuation program,

b. A city evacuation-consultation office (Shi
Sokai Sodensho) is to be established in each of
Nagasaki and Sasebo cities, and a police evac-
uation-consultation office (Keisatsu Soka Soden-
sho) in each police office.

c. In the two cities an evacuation council
(Sokai Kyogikai) is to be formed of officials and
the secretariat of various bodies, to speed the
carrying out of evacuation.

5. Methods of Carrying Out Bracuation.
In the evacuation areas:

(1) A basie census of the persons who are
to be the objects of evacuation is to be
carried out.

(2) In the two cities, meetings for per-
suasion and consultation are to be held under
the government auspices of the police and
city authorities.

(3) Regular meetings of neighborhood
groups, other meetings and organs for discus-

a.

~

6.

designated
avoided in moving.

b.

sion are to be used to speed the work of
evacuation.

(4) The radio, newspapers, notice boards,
pamphlets, ete., are to be used to spread
thoroughly an atmosphere for evacuation.

In the reception areas.

(1) All the prefectural branch offices, local
business offices, councils on reception of
evacuees in cities, towns, and villages, and
eyacuation-consultation offices are to develop
an actual spirit for the reception of evacuees,
and extend the movement for affording hous-
ing.

(2) They are to carry out a movement to
summon people who need to evacuate,

Other matters.

(1) Transportation and packing
ities are to be given special transportation
rates.

(2) In cases where people must live apart
because of evacuation, attention is to be given
to provide housing or joint-living arrange-
ments for those who stay behind.

(3) Payment of evacuation bonuses. Such
are to be paid according to the area.

(4) Liaison with other prefectures. Let-
ters of request will be sent to governors of
prefectures concerned with reception centers,
and their cooperation will be requested.

(5) Distribution of removal certificates.
The mayors will distribute such certificates,
according to a form indicated separately, to
people who remove for evacuation purposes.

(6) Miscellaneous. Evacuation will be
carried out in accordance with “General Out-
line for Carrying out City Evacuation” and
“General Outline for Carrying out Evacua-
tion of the Aged, the Young, Pregnant, and
Others.”

Reference Notes. a.
important cities

prior-

Evacuation areas and
which are to be

(1) Evacuation areas:
Tokyo-Yokohama area.
Western part of Tokyo City, Yoko-
hama City, Kawasaki City.
Osaka-Kobe area.
Osaka, Kobe, Amagasaki Cities.
Nagoya City.
North Kyushu area:
Moji, Kokura, Tobata, Wakamatsn,
Hachiman Cities.

b.

Basis:

(2) Other designated important cities:

In Tokyo Prefecture—Tackikawa
City.

In Saitama Prefecture—Kawaguchi
City.

In Kanagawa Prefecture—Yokosuke
City.

In Osaka Prefecture—Sakai, Fuse

Cities.
In Hyogo Prefecture
Mikage Cities.
Kyoto Prefecture—Kyoto
Maizuru Cities.

In Jimaguchi Prefecture—Shimono-
seki City.

In Hiroshima Prefecture—Kure.

Other places into which moving is con-
trolled:

Tokyo Prefecture—Tachikawa City,
Musashino Machi, Mitaka Machi.
Tanashi Machi. Hodachi Machi,
Showa Machi, Omuta City, Muro-
ran City.

Grant of money to encourage evacuation:
(1) Families of which 35-40 percent

Nichinomiya,

In and

(3)

are called to military or wartime service reserve
grants,

(2) Those whose taxes are under two yen, or
exempt from tax.

In Nagasaki City:

TEROSE BEEMIPECETOMS TAK oa sire he di we sw ehels pte 700
Those paying under 1.00 yen 7.650
Those paying under 1,30 yen 3.119
Those paying under 1.70 yen.............. 5,624

17,093

These two classes represent 80° of those who
qualify for grants,

c,

Miscellaneous.

(1) Evacuation to relatives will be the
fundamental principle but conditions may re-
quire group evacuation; therefore the basic
census should be made quickly and prepara-
tions formed.

(2) Opening of conference on policies for
school children evacuation. School princi-
pals will hold a conference of 4 April 1945.
(6 April in Sasebo).

(3) Policy for school children evacuation.
All those in the primary grades. However,
places on the outskirts, not greatly different
from farming villages, will be excluded.

(4) The period for emphasizing evacua-
tion to relatives will be by the middle of

May; evacuation will be carried out imme- (5) If there is no sudden change in con-

diately and finished at the latest by the end ditions, the policy will be carried out accord-
of May 1945. ing to the methods outlined above.

118

EXHIBIT J

Translation of Articles

Datos 9)

Inclusive, of the National Wartime

Damage Protection Law (Senji Saigai
Hogo Ho), Enacted 24 February 1942

1. Concerning the law:
CHAPTER 1.
Arr. 1. This law compensates Japanese na-

tionals who are injured due to wartime disasters,
as well as their families and the surviving fam-
ily members,

Arr. 2. In this law wartime disasters shall be
defined as disasters due to enemy action, as well
as disasters resulting from such.

Arr. 3. There are three types of compensation :
(1) relief, (2) pension, and (3) allowance.

Arr, 4. With respect to compensation, it shall
be done by the prefectural governor of the area in
which the claimant maintains his permanent resi-
dence (in case of relief, his present residence).

CHAPTER 2.

Arr. 5. Relief shall be given to persons who
need emergency relief immediately after meeting
with some wartime disaster.

Arr. 6. Types of relief are as follows:

Supplying of household effects.

Giving food in case of being burned out.
713677—47—10

119

c. Giving and loaning of clothing, bedding and

other essentials.

d. Medical and maternity expenses.
e. Giving for school supplies.

f. Funeral expenses.

In addition, any items deemed necessary by
the prefectural governor. The prefectural gover-
nor can, in cases which he deems necessary, dis-
burse sums of money to persons needing relief (in
case of funerals to the person who performs the
funerals) regardless of the provisions mentioned
Items pertaining to the extent of the re-
lief, the method and the length of time shall be
determined by orders.

Arr. 7. The prefectural governor is authorized
to employ in the effecting of relief those persons
designated by Imperial Edict.

Arr. 8. The prefectural governor is author-
ized to have those persons needing relief co-
operate in the effecting of relief.

Arr. 9. In order to carry out relief, the pre-
fectural governor can, in instances which he
deems necessary, superintend installations, util-
ize property (land), houses, or commodities desig-
nated by temporary Imperial Edict, and take cus-
tody of and appropriate commodities, employing
those persons as are designated by Imperial Edict.

“vr
s-

above.

EXHIBIT K

Translation of Articles

1 to 4,

Inclusive of Official Bulletin, Extra
Issue of 18 September 1942: Par-
ticulars for Carrying Out the War-
time Disaster Protection Law in
Nagasaki Prefecture

Particulars for carrying out the Wartime Dis-
aster Protection Law (Senji Saigai Hogo Ho) are
determined as follows:

General Rule

ArticLe 1, When anyone has received injury
by reason of wartime disaster the head of city,
town, or village shall immediately notify the gov-
ernor of the circumstances.

Relief.

ArticLe 2. Funds to be paid for relief shall be
limited as follows:

a. Actual cost, in the case of expense for equip-
ment of shelters. The expenses when ordinary
buildings are adapted to shelters shall be 1 yen
per individual for rental of rooms or houses in the
case of schools, temples, public institutions, and
private homes and for bedding, ete., 3 yen per in-
dividual per day for room and for three meals in
the case of inns, restaurants and such business
establishments.

b. Maximum of 350 yen per household in the
case of payments for construction of temporary
dwellings.

c. Maximum of 60 sen per individual per day
in the case of payments for supply of foodstuffs
such as boiled rice.

d. Maximum, as follows, in the case of pay-
ments for grants or loans of clothing or bedding:

(1) Clothing.
Winter clothing, per individual, 20
yen.
Spring and fall clothing, per in-
dividual, 14 yen.
Summer clothing, per individual, 8
yen.
(2) Bedding.
In case of grant, maximum of 65 yen.
In case of loan, actual expense.

e. Maximum of 15 yen per individual, or 45

yen per household, in the case of grants of daily

1

0

necessities, such as dishes, cooking utensils,
wooden clogs, umbrella paper and towels.

f. Actual cost, in the case of medical and ma-
ternity service.

g. In the case of school supplies, actual cost
for books, and a maximum of 2.50 yen per in-
dividual for stationery.

h. Maximum of 30 yen per individual for fu-
neral expenses,

i. Actual cost of coolie hire or cartage neces-
sary for relief. When necessary, actual cost may
be paid for items in b to e, and g and h, in spite of
the regulations. Granting of shelter, boiled rice
and foodstuffs shall be for 15 days or less. How-
ever, according to the circumstances of the sufferer
permission may be secured from the governor be-
forehand to extend the time, and when cash is paid
for relief the governor’s permission should be se-
cured beforehand.

ArticLe 3. Those who wish to receive relief
(exclusive of boiled rice) on the basis of the regu-
lations in Article 5 of this law should present an
application in duplicate for relief according to
Form 1 through the head of city, town, or village
in the relief area to the governor. When the head
of city, town or village receives the above applica-
tion, he should prepare a note on relief accord-
ing to Form 2, append any necessary documents,
and dispatch it to the governor.

Articte 4. When the head of city, town or
village feels that conditions are urgent and that
there is no time to wait for instructions from the
governor in cases where there are people who have
received injury by reason of wartime disaster, he
may immediately start to carry out the estab-
lishment of shelters and the distribution of boiled
rice, but these alone. When the head of city,
town or village starts to carry out relief meas-
ures in accordance with the above regulations, he
should immediately notify the governor to that
effect and ask for his instructions on subsequent
measures to be taken.

EXHIBIT L

Translation of Pamphlet:

Distribution

and Cooking of Emergency Food Supply,
(Nagasaki) (Reference Item 18)

1. Distribution. a. The assurance of food
supply is necessary for the public peace of mind.
A speedy and sure distribution is the short road
to maintenance of security.

b. The police chiefs are the key men of the pro-
gram,
c. Speedy and sure distribution is in the hands

of the personnel. It is necessary to eliminate any-
thing that would interfere with the program.

d. When the air-raid warning has been or-
dered, the state of preparation for mobilization
and transport facilities of the National Protec-
tion Food Unit (Shokuryo Kokubodan) and the
Distribution Volunteer Unit (Kaikyu Teishintai)
is to be ascertained and the mobile allocation is to
be carried out without miscalculation in direct
accordance with circumstances.

e. When the orders of the head of the Police
Department for emergency distribution of food-
stuffs has been received, the police chiefs will
carry out the operation. However, when there is
no time to receive the orders or when it is im-
possible to receive them, appropriate action will
be planned and a report of the conditions made.
A short delay will invite disaster.

f. Distribution will be carried out imme-
diately in the following order in accord with
proper judgment,

(1) For refugees grouped in some desig-
nated place, or those accommodated in recep-
tion centers.

(2) For infants without mother’s milk
and for such wounded and ill persons in spe-
cial need of provision as the police chiefs
may indicate.

(3) For air defense personnel.

(4) For those performing special service
in order to provide emergency restoration of
electricity, gas, water, or communications in
factories or offices that have received damage
from air attack.

(5) For whomever else the police chiefs
consider to be in need.

g. The emergency foodstuffs and the standard
amount for distribution will be in accordance

121

with Article 6078 of No. 18 Order of 7 August
19438.

h. The period for distribution will ordinarily
be five days, unless the police chief gives special
instructions, and restoration is to be made to
normal distribution as speedily as possible.

i. Emergency distribution of food will be
carried out by police chiefs on the basis of re-
quests from city, town and village chiefs, but the
latter may carry it out without such request when
they themselves deem it necessary.

j. The command for distribution is to be given
through written instructions for distribution.
The necessary amount will be filled in by the
police chief, the original presented to the ware-
house operator or custodian, and copy sent as a
report to the head of the police department.

k. List of the custodians from whom to secure
rice, subsidiary foods, clothing, matches and
candles and fuel.

1. Instructions about keeping accounts clear.
m. Ordinarily foods stored up for emergency

will be used. Tf there is no such supply, it may be
secured from distributors.

n. A unified plan of speedy and sure trans-
port will be devised, the National Protection Food
Unit, to carry the supplies from the storehouses
to the places where it is to be cooked, and the
Distribution Volunteer Unit to the distributing
points.

o. Distribution of rice and subsidiary food to
be carried out without confusion.

p. The National Protection Food Unit
ordinarily guard the stored foods,

q. The stored foods are to be inspected twice
a month and a report made to the Chief of the
Police Department.

2. Cooking. a.
morale and activity.

b. The responsible parties and their spheres.
Police and fire departments and subordinate
bodies, mayors, guard and rescue units, and man-
agers of factories and business offices.

c. The police and fire departments will see
that the units connected with air defense person-
nel have plans already made for food distribution.

will

Importance of food supply to

d. The preparation of food will be done by the
unit assigned to this work.

e. The heads of cities, towns and villages will
organize units for preparation of food (Taki-
dashi Butai) and give constant supervision to see
that necessary preparations are made.

f. Ordinarily preparation of food will be at-
tended to by the chiefs of the cities, towns and
villages concerned, but in case of large scale raids
in Western Kyushu, neighboring towns may be
called on for this service.

g. Police chiefs will carry out orders for prep-
aration of food when instructed by the head of
the police department. However, when communi-
cations are broken and there is need of haste, the
police chief of the suffering area is to manage the
situation.

h. The command for preparation of rice will
indicate clearly the place, and include an order
for releasing the supplies from the storehouses.

i. When there is an insufficient supply in co-
operating towns and villages, request may be
made to the head of the police department, but

when there is no time for this, temporary use
may be made of supplies in the town and village
storehouse to avoid hindrance to the program.

j. Dried bread is to be distributed during the
first period of food preparation if it is felt that
the preparation will take too long.

k. When preparation of food is carried out,
an order is to be issued to the transportation
organ giving definite instructions about destina-
tion and quantity.

l. Police chiefs will summon the food prepara-
tion unit when an attack is threatened and have
them in readiness.

m. When the food preparation work is fin-
ished an immediate report will be given on place
from which supplies were drawn, kinds and
amounts and the person responsible for payments.

NOTE. These general rules are followed by charts
designating the neighboring towns which are to help
Nagasaki City and other cities in the prefecture in case
of need, as well as the places within the cities them-
selves where preparation of food is to be carried out,
Nine villages were designated to help Nagasaki, and 38
places within the city were designated.

EXHIBIT M

Translation of Pamphlet: Summary

of War Casualty Insurance (Senso

Shibo Shogai Hoken)

(Reference

Item 19)

This insurance covers the death or injury of any
serviceman at the front, and also the death or in-
jury of any person on the home front due to
enemy air raids, antiaircraft fire, fire, fire-fight-
ing, refugeeing, panic, or other incidents due to
enemy action,

The insured. Any Japanese citizen may be in-
sured, regardless of age, sex, occupation, and resi-
dence,

Types of war casualty insurance. Type I: In-
surance for death or injury incurred within Japan
proper.

Type Il: Insurance for death or injury in-
curred within Japan proper as well as overseas.
Therefore, any service man at the front, or Jap-
anese who lives or travels abroad will need Type
IT insurance.

The premium, For Type I the premium is 3 yen
per annum per 1,000 yen, and that of Type II is
10 yen per annum per 1,000 yen. The premium is
reasonable, and the insurance period is one year;
e. g., if you take out a War Casualty Policy for
3,000 yen, the premium will be 9 yen for Type I,
and 30 yen for Type II. The maximum amount of
insurance is 5,000 yen.

The beneficiary. The insured is usually the
beneficiary, but your wife, children, parents,
brothers and sisters, or any relatives whom you
choose to designate at the time of application may
be the beneficiary.

123

Application. (1) Anyone may apply. A con-
tract made out by the insured is not necessary.
Therefore, any serviceman at the front may be in-
sured by any member of his family at home.

(2)

any head, branch, or business office of any life

Application for a policy may be made at

or fire insurance company, or other agency han-

dling this insurance by filling out and submitting

the application form together with the premium.
(3)

sponsibility for one year from the day after the

The insurance company will assume re-

date on which the company accepts the applica-
tion form and the premium.

(4)
in any office, school, company, or factory, they
may apply as a group.

Payment of insurance.

When there are more than 30 applicants

The full amount of the
policy will be paid not only for death of the in-
sured, but also for loss of both eyes, or both legs,
or both arms. Half of the insured amount will be
paid for the loss of one arm, or one leg, or total
A graduated percentage of the total
amount of insurance will be paid in proportion

deafness,

to the degree of injury.

For further details please consult the Section
of Wartime Insurance in the Division of General
Administration of the Ministry of Finance, or
any insurance company.

EXHIBIT N

Prefectural Record of Payment Under War
Service Allowance Law (Translation) (Ref-
erence Item 20)

NAGASAKI From: Guard Section
To: Chief Police Department (Nagasaki
Date’ IA Nevember 1044 To hief of olice epurtnien ( agasa i
- Pat Prefecture) (Chief of Domestic Affairs
From: Guard Section Danas
To: Chief of Police Department (Nagasaki pi

Prefecture) (Chief of Domestic Affairs
Department).

Peririon ror MepicaL CARE APPROVAL

Name: Komine, Chiyoko
Prririon ror PAYMENT Date of birth: 14 June 1929
Occupation: Farmer
Amount: 211.00 yen 3 ac ene
7 Address: 471 Joko-machi, Nagasaki-shi.
For medical expense incurred under the au-

thority granted for her medical care approved un-
der the date of September 19, 1944.
Name and Address:
Komine, Chiyoko (Recipient)
Nagasaki-shi, Joko-Machi 471
Inguiry is hereby made as to whether the sum
of money mentioned above may be paid or not out
of the various funds (reserve fund, air defense
operation fund, air defense workers’ relief funds)
of the 1944 budget of the Home Affairs Ministry.
Date: 4 November 1944
Guard Section
Chief of Police Department (Nagasaki
prefecture) (Chief of Domestic Affairs
Department).

From:
Os

For the reason that the above-named person has
filed a petition attached herewith requesting that
medical care be granted her for injury caused by
an incendiary bomb while engaged in the task of
fighting the fire caused by an enemy air raid on
the 11th day of August, 1944, the undersigned
hereby makes this inquiry to ascertain whether or
not medical care as requested by the applicant
may be approved; also, whether or not an order
of approval will be issued by you.

Instruction #2
From: Chief of Police Department
Prefecture).

Chief of Umegasaki Police Station.

(Nagasaki

To:
Matter relative to forwarding the order of
approval for medical care,

Amount: 288,00 Petition for medical care forwarded as per
ee rartea cg oer Ume-Defense-Confidential dispatch No. 619 is

For medical expenses from August 1 to Sep-
tember 11 inclusive, incurred under the authority
granted for her medical care approved under the
Air Defense Workers’ Relief Act, dated 19 Sep-
tember 1944.

Name and Address:
Komine, Chiyoko (Recipient)
Nagasaki-shi, Joko-Machi 471

hereby approved and a letter of approval for med-
ical care is forwarded herewith and the same may
be delivered to the petitioner and have her apply
for payment of the cost for medical care.

Ume-Defense-Confidential dispatch #619.

CERTIFICATION OF Facts

Name: Komine, Chiyoko
Inquiry is hereby made as to whether the sum Date of birth: 14 June 1929
of money mentioned above may be paid or not out Occupation: Farmer
of the various funds (reserye fund, air defense Address: 471 Joko-machi, Nagasaki-shi.
ratio , air defense workers’ reli
operation fund, air d e workers’ relief fund) The above named person, a household fire

of the 1944 budget of the Home Affairs Ministry.

Guard Section #1902
Date: 6 September 1944.

1

4

fighter, has received burns on her face, chest and
thigh from an incendiary bomb dropped in the
second attack while extinguishing an incendiary

bomb dropped in the first attack at her home
(471 Joko-machi, Nagasaki-shi) at 0110 hours, 11
August 1944.
I hereby certify the foregoing factual state-
ment. 2 September 1944
Chief of Umegasaki Police Station.

A Report PerraiNinGc to Mepicat Care

Name:

Date of Birth:
Occupation :
Address:

Komine, Chiyoko

14 June 1929

Farmer

471 Joko-machi, Nagasaki-shi.
From:
To:

Komine, Chiyoko

Mr. Tanaka, Shigeyaki,
Nagasaki Prefecture.

2 September 1944.

Governor of

Date:

I hereby petition, by submitting necessary
papers attached herewith, to receive your ac-
knowledgment of the fact that I have received in-
juries from an incendiary bomb dropped in the
second attack while extinguishing a bomb
dropped in the first attack at my home (471 Joko-
machi, Nagasaki-shi) at 0110 hours, 11 August
1944. The treatment of these injuries has al-
ready been started.

Puysicran’s Diagnostic STatTeMENT

Komine, Chiyoko
16 years old

Name:
Age:
1.

1. Extent of injuries:

(a) Second degree burns of face, right cheek,
hips, neck and chest.

(b) Second to third degree burns of both arms
except the inside of the right upper arm.

(c) Second to third degree burns extending
from left frontal portion of elbow to back of the
hand and to all fingers.

(d) Second to third degree burns of left and
right thigh.

1. Condition: Upon admittance to the hos-
pital, all areas of burns were treated, sterilized,
dried and bandaged and her general condition
is good.

1. The patient should be confined and treated
in the hospital for about 10 days.

I hereby diagnose this case as above stated.

August 31. seijiro Kuwasaki, M. D.
Kuwasaki Surgical and Skin Disease Hospital,
6 Enotsu-cho, City of Nagasaki.
(Tel. 1091)

Nature of injury. Burns all over the body.

Ume-Defense-Confidential Dispatch #682

Date: 29 September 1944
From: Chief of Umekazaki Police Station
To: Chief of Police Department of Nagasaki
Prefecture.

IN RE: DeManp ror Mepicat Expense
Name: Komine, Chiyoko
Address : 471 Joko-machi, City of Nagasaki
Occupation : Farmer

Date of birth: 14 June 1929.

The above named person whose medical care
was authorized by a written order, Guard Section
No. 1902, dated the 19th day of September 1944,
is making a demand for the payment of medical
expense accordingly, submitting all necessary
papers herewith; an investigation of this case was
made by virtue of the authority granted by a pro-
vision of Section 36 of the Nagasaki Prefectural
Directive, dated July 21, 1942 and subsection 1
of Section 8 of the regulation pertaining to the
payment of relief fund to persons engaged in air
defense (work) and I beg to submit the finding of
the fact of this case together with documents sup-
porting it attached herewith.

Facts

(1) No fact was found which prevents the ap-
plicant from receiving the benefit under the pro-
vision of No. 1, Section 1, Article 4 of the relief
decree,

(2) Statement in detail as to the period of
hospitalization, method of treatment of ailment
from the time of first injury to full recovery of it:

The case being that of second and third degree
burns caused by the spray of oily substance of an
oil incendiary bomb, a considerable difficulty in
treatment was encountered at first because of un-
sanitary conditions combined with perspiration
in the locality of the burn, but improvement there-
after was satisfactory because there was no fur-
ther infection. It is estimated that full recovery
can be made in about one and one-half months (by
the middle of November).

The patient was given one venous injection
daily at the time of medication and one dose of
hypodermic injection once every four days.

(3) Are the statements of the physician in
charge, and other details of the treatment true
and was there no discrepency found in them?

In this case, the medical society was consulted
and the applicant was examined; we found that

the statements are true and there is no dis-
crepancy in them.

(4) Was the period of treatment unduly
long?

This case, being that of a major burn, is not

126

curable in a short period. Although 40 days have
already been spent to this day (September 20) it
is believed that about one and one-half months
of additional time will easily be required.

(5) Other matters for reference: None.

Il.

1a

EXHIBIT O

Application (Translation) for Payment
of Claim for Pension and Allowance
Under Wartime Disaster Protection Plan
(Senji Saigai Hogo Ho) (Reference Item 21)

Name of Claimant
Place of Registry
Address

Direct Cause of Injury (Check one)
(a) Air attack

(b) Attack by enemy ships

(c) Other wartime disasters

Nature of Damage, Injury, or Loss:
(a) No. persons killed , injured

(b) Houses burned or damaged: com-
pletely.__., half. , partially

(ce) Household effects burned or dam-
aged: completely , half » par-

tially__.

1. Are you entitled to receive special
grants on the basis of regulations
covering persons killed (Tokubetsu
Shikin Shiyo Kitei), as an employee
of the Army or as a workman em-

ployed by the Army? Yes. No.
2. Are you receiving special grants as a
government official? Yes... No_____..

3. Are you receiving grants under the
law covering crews of ships (Senin
Doin Rei)? Yes No

4. Are you receiving compensation un-
der War Service Allowance Law
(Boku Jujisha Fujorei)? Yes_

5. Does your annual income’ exceed
7000 yen? Yes... No__... .

6. Does your independent income exceed
3000 yen? Yes oe :

7. Amount of War Damage Insurance

(Senso Hoken) on

(a) House - Sea
Name of Company__....._....___..

127

(b) Household effects allt peepee
Name of Company
8. Is it your own house (including coe
boat), or in the case of houses which
belong to people who died in a war-
time disaster, does owner or that fam-

ily live in it? Yes _ No.

V. Data regarding members of the household,
e., persons registered in the same fam-
ily register, including wife living else-
where, those drafted into service, those
evacuated, and those mobilized for labor
purposes who may not be actually living

in the same household.

Date of Occupation

birth

Order of
succession

Name

Monthly salary Extent of injuries (or death)

Do not fill in below here.

VI. Statement of proof in case of ownership,
of injuries, of death.
VII. Matters concerned with this claim, inelud-
ing reason for making claim.
VIII. Notarized by block association chief, vil-
lage association, mayor, or village chief.
IX. The claimant will submit documents

necessary to support this claim.

From the Governor of Nagasaki Prefecture.

UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY
LIST OF REPORTS

The following is a bibliography of reports resulting
from the Survey's studies of the European and Pacific
wars. Those reports marked with an asterisk (*) may
be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents at
the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

European War
OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN

*1 The United States Strategic Bombing Survey : Sum-
mary Report (European War)

*2 The United States Strategic Bombing Survey:
Over-all Report (European War)

*3 The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German
War Economy

AIRCRAFT DIVISION

(By Division and Branch)

*4 Aircraft Division Industry Report
5 Inspection Visits to Various Targets (Special Re-
port)

Airframes Branch

6 Junkers Aircraft and Aero Engine Works, Dessau,

Germany

7 Erla Maschinenwerke G m b H, Heiterblick, Ger-
main

8S A TG Maschinenbau, G m b H, Leipzig (Mockan),
Germany

9 Gothaer Waggonfabrik, A G, Gotha, Germany
10 Focke Wulf Aircraft Plant, Bremen, Germany
Over-all Report
11 Messerschmitt A G, pete A
Augsburg, Germany | Part B
| Appendices I, 11, 11
12. Dornier Works, Friedrichshafen & Munich, Ger-
many
18 Gerhard Fieseler Werke G m b H, Kassel, Germany
14 Wiener Neustaedter Flugzeugwerke, Wiener Neu-
stadt, Austria

Aero Engines Branch

15 Bussing NAG Flugmotorenwerke G m b H, Bruns-
wick, Germany

16 Mittel-Deutsche Motorenwerke G m b H. Taucha,
Germany

17 Bavarian Motor Works Inc, Eisenach & Durrerhof,
Germany

18 Bayerische Motorenwerke A G (BMW) Munich,
Germany

19 Henschel Flugmotorenwerke, Kassel, Germany

128

*31
32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

*40
41
42
43
44

45
46
47

Light Metal Branch

Light Metals Industry {Part I, Aluminum

of Germany )Part II, Magnesium
Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, Hildesheim, Ger-
many

Metallgussgesellschaft G m b H, Leipzig, Germany

Aluminumwerke G mb H, Plant No. 2, Bitterfeld,
Germany

Gebrueder Giulini G m b H, Ludwigshafen, Ger-
many

Luftschiffbau, Zeppelin G m b H, Friedrichshafen
on Bodensee, Germany

Wieland Werke A G, Ulm, Germany

Rudolph Rautenbach Leichmetallgiessereien, Solin-
gen, Germany

Lippewerke Vereinigte Aluminiumwerke A G,
Lunen, Germany

Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, Heddernheim,
Germany

Duerener Metallwerke A G, Duren Wittenau-Berlin
& Waren, Germany

AREA STUDIES DIVISION

Area Studies Division Report

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Hamburg

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Wuppertal

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Dusseldorf

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Solingen

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Remscheid

A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing
on Darmstadt

A Detailed Study of the Effects «
on Lubeck

A Brief Study of the Effects of Area Bombing on
Berlin, Augsburg, Bochum, Leipzig, Hagen, Dort-
mund, Oberhausen, Schweinfurt, and Bremen

f Area Bombing

CIVILIAN DEFENSE DIVISION

Civilian Defense Division—Final Report

Cologne Field Report

Bonn Field Report

Hanover Field Report

Hamburg Field Report—Vol I, Text; Vol II,
Exhibits

Bad Oldesloe Field Report

Augsburg Field Report

Reception Areas in Bavaria, Germany

*48
49

*50

*51

52

53

*64b

EQUIPMENT DIVISION
Electrical Branch

German Electrical Equipment Industry Report
Brown Boveri et Cie, Mannheim Kafertal, Germany

Optical and Precision Instrument Branch

Optical and Precision Instrument Industry Report

Abrasives Branch

The German Abrasive Industry
Mayer and Schmidt, Offenbach on Main, Germany

Anti-Friction Branch

The German Anti-Friction Bearings Industry

Machine Tools Branch

Machine Tools & Machinery as Capital Equipment
Machine Tool Industry in Germany

Herman Koib Co,, Cologne, Germany

Collet and Engelhard, Offenbach, Germany

Naxos Union, Frankfort on Main, Germany

MILITARY ANALYSIS DIVISION

The Defeat of the German Air Force

V-Weapons (Crossbow) Campaign

Air Force Rate of Operation

Weather Factors in Combat Bombardment Opera-
tions in the European Theatre

Bombing Accuracy, USAAF Heavy and Medium
Bombers in the ETO

Description of RAF Bombing

The Impact of the Allied Air Effort on German Lo-
gistics

MORALE DIVISION

The Effects of Strategic
Morale (Vol I & II)

Bombing on German

Medical Branch

The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care
in Germany

MUNITIONS DIVISION
Heavy Industry Branch

The Coking Industry Report on Germany

Coking Plant Report No. 1, Sections A, B, C, & D

Gutehoffnungshuette, Oberhausen, Germany

Friedrich-Alfred Huette, Rheinhausen, Germany

Neunkirchen Eisenwerke A G, Neunkirchen, Ger-
many

Reichswerke Hermann Goering A G, Hallendorf,
Germany

August Thyssen Huette A G, Hamborn, Germany

Friedrich Krupp A G, Borbeck Plant, Essen, Ger-
many

Dortmund Hoerder Huettenverein, A G, Dortmund,
Germany

Hoesch A G, Dortmund, Germany

Bochumer Verein fuer Gusstahlfabrikation A G,
Bochum, Germany

129

*101
102

103
104
105
106
107
108

*109
*110
*111
112
113

114

115

Motor Vehicles and Tanks Branch

German Motor Vehicles Industry Report

Tank Industry Report

Daimler Benz A G, Unterturkheim, Germany
Renault Motor Vehicles Plant, Billancourt, Paris
Adam Opel, Russelheim, Germany

Daimler Benz-Gaggenau Works, Gaggenau, Ger-
many

Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg, Nurnberg,
Germany

Auto Union A G, Chemnitz and Zwickau, Germany

Henschel & Sohn, Kassel, Germany

Maybach Motor Works, Friedrichshafen, Germany

Voigtlander, Maschinenfabrik A G, Plauen, Ger-
many

Volkswagenwerke, Fallersleben, Germany

Bussing NAG, Brunswick, Germany

Muehlenbau Industrie A G (Miag) Brunswick,
Germany
Friedrich Krupp Grusonwerke, Magdeburg, Ger-

many
Submarine Branch

German Submarine Industry Report

Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg A G, Augs-
burg, Germany

Blohm and Voss Shipyards, Hamburg, Germany

Deutschewerke A, G, Kiel, Germany

Deutsche Schiff und Maschinenbau, Bremen, Ger-
many

Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel, Germany

Howaldtswerke A G, Hamburg, Germany

Submarine Asembly Shelter, Farge, Germany

Bremer Vulkan, Vegesack, Germany

Ordnance Branch

Ordnance Industry Report

Friedrich Krupp Grusonwerke A G Magdeburg,
Germany

Bochumer Verein fuer Gusstahlfabrikation A G,
Bochum, Germany

Henschel & Sohn, Kassel, Germany

Rheinmetall-Borsig, Dusseldorf, Germany

Hermann Goering Werke, Braunschweig, Hallen-
dorf, Germany

Hannoverische Maschinenbau, Hanover, Germany

Gusstahlfabrik Friedrich Krupp, Essen, Germany

OIL DIVISION

Oil Division, Final Report

Oil Division, Final Report, Appendix

Powder, Explosives, Special Rockets and Jet Pro-
pellants, War Gases and Smoke Acid (Ministerial
Report #1)

Underground and Dispersal Plants in Greater Ger-
many

The German
Team 78

Ministerial Report on Chemicals

Oil Industry, Ministerial Report

Oil Branch

Ammoniakwerke Merseburg G m b H, Leuna, Ger-
many—2 Appendices

116 Braunkohle Benzin A G, Zeitz and Bohlen, Ger-
many; Wintershall A G, Leutzkendorf, Germany

117 Ludwigshafen-Oppau Works of I G Farbenindustrie
A G, Ludwigshafen, Germany

118 Ruhroel Hydrogenation Plant, Bottrop-Boy, Ger-
many, Vol. I, Vol. II

119 Rhenania Ossag Mineraloelwerke A G, Harburg
Refinery, Hamburg, Germany

120 Rhenania Ossag Mineraloelwerke A G, Grasbrook
Refinery, Hamburg, Germany

121 Rhenania Ossag Mineraloelwerke A G, Wilhelms-
burg Refinery, Hamburg, Germany

122 Gewerkschaft Victor, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany,
Vol. I & Vol. IT

12% Suropaeische Tanklager und Transport A G, Ham-
burg, Germany

124. Ebano Asphalt Werke A G, Harburg Refinery,
Hamburg, Germany

125 Meerbeck Rheinpreussen Synthetie Oil Plant—Vol.
I & Vol. II

Rubber Branch

126 Deutsche Dunlop Gummi Co., Hanau on Main,
Germany

127 ~Continental Gummiwerke, Hanover, Germany

128 Huels Synthetic Rubber Plant

129 Ministerial Report on German Rubber Industry

Propellants Branch

130 Blektrochemischewerke, Munich, Germany

131 Schoenebeck Explosive Plant, Lignose Sprengstoff
Werke G m b H, Bad Salzemen, Germany

132 Plants of Dynamit A G, Vormal, Alfred Nobel &
Co, Troisdorf, Clausthal, Drummel and Dune-
berg, Germany :

133° Deutsche Sprengchemie G m b H, Kraiburg, Ger-
many

OVER-ALL ECONOMIC EFFECTS DIVISION

134 Over-all Economic Effects Division Report

Gross National Product ...) Special papers
Kriegseilberichte |. Ra eee which together
Hermann Goering Works... . comprise the
Food and Agriculture...... ; above report

134a Industrial Sales Output and Productivity

PHYSICAL DAMAGE DIVISION

134b Physical Damage Division Report (TO)

135 Villacoublay Airdrome, Paris, France

186 Railroad Repair Yards, Malines, Belgium

137 Railroad Repair Yards, Louvain, Belgium

138 Railroad Repair Yards, Hasselt, Belgium

139 Railroad Repair Yards, Namur, Belgium

140) Submarine Pens, Brest, France

141 Powder Plant, Angouleme, France

142 Powder Plant, Bergerac, France

148 Coking Plants, Montigny & Liege, Belgium

144 Fort St. Blaise Verdun Group, Metz, France

145 Gnome et Rhone, Limoges, France

146 Michelin Tire Factory, Clermont-Ferrand, France

147 Gnome et Rhone Aero Engine Factory, Le Mans,
France

130

Kugelfischer Bearing Ball Plant, Ebelsbach, Ger-
many

Louis Breguet Aircraft Plant, Toulouse, France

S. N.C. A. S. E. Aircraft Plant, Toulouse, France

A. I. A. Aircraft Plant, Toulouse, France

V Weapons in London

City Area of Krefeld

Public Air Raid Shelters in Germany

Goldenberg Thermal Electric Power Station, Knap-
sack, Germany

Brauweiler Transformer & Switching Station,
Brauweiler, Germany

Storage Depot, Nahbollenbach, Germany

Railway and Road Bridge, Bad Munster, Germany

Railway Bridge, Eller, Germany

Gustloff-Werke Weimar, Weimar, Germany

Henschell & Sohn G m b H, Kassel, Germany

Area Survey at Pirmasens, Germany

Hanomag, Hanover, Germany

M AN Werke Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Friedrich Krupp A G, Essen, Germany

Erla Maschinenwerke, G m b H, Heiterblick, Ger-
many

A T G Maschinenbau G m b H, Mockan, Germany

Erla Maschinenwerke G m b H, Mockau, Germany

Bayerische Motorenwerke, Durrerhof, Germany

Mittel-Deutsche Motorenwerke G m b H, Taucha,
Germany

Submarine Pens Deutsche-Werft, Hamburg, Ger-
many

Multi-Storied Structures, Hamburg, Germany

Continental Gummiwerke, Hanover, Germany

Kassel Marshalling Yards, Kassel, Germany

Ammoniawerke, Merseburg, Leuna, Germany

Brown Boveri et Cie, Mannheim, Kafertal, Ger-
many

Adam Opel A G, Russelsheim, Germany

Daimler-Benz A G, Unterturkheim, Germany

Valentin Submarine Assembly, Farge, Germany

Volkswaggonwerke, Fallersleben, Germany

Railway Viaduct at Bielefeld, Germany

Ship Yards Howaldtswerke, Hamburg, Germany

Blohm and Voss Shipyards, Hamburg, Germany

Daimler-Benz A G, Mannheim, Germany

Synthetic Oil Plant, Meerbeck-Hamburg, Germany

Gewerkschaft Victor, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany

Klockner Humboldt Deutz, Ulm, Germany

Ruhroel Hydrogenation Plant, Bottrop-Boy, Ger-
many

Neukirchen Eisenwerke A G, Neukirchen, Germany

Railway Viaduet at Altenbecken, Germany

Railway Viaduct at Arnsburg, Germany

Deurag-Nerag Refineries, Misburg, Germany

Fire Raids on German Cities

1G Farbenindustrie, Ludwigshafen, Germany, Vol
I1& VolIl

Roundhouse in Marshalling Yard, Ulm, Germany

1 G Farbendustrie, Leverkusen, Germany

Chemische-Werke, Heuls, Germany

Gremberg Marshalling Yard, Gremberg, Germany

Locomotive Shops and Bridges at Hamm, Germany

*1
*2

*6

*12

*13

“14

*15
*16

TRANSPORTATION DIVISION

The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Germany
Transportation

Rail Operations Over the Brenner Pass

Effects of Bombing on Railroad Installations in
Regensburg, Nurnberg and Munich Divisions

German Locomotive Industry During the War

German Military Railroad Traffic

UTILITIES DIVISION

German Electric Utilities Industry Report

1 to 10 in Vol I “Utilities Division Plant Reports”
11 to 20 in Vol II “Utilities Division Plant Reports”
21 Rheinische-Westfalische Elektrizitaetswerk A G

Pacific War
OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN

Summary Report (Pacific War)

Japan's Struggle to End The War

The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki

CIVILIAN STUDIES
Civilian Defense Division

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and
Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection
Allied Subjects, Nagasaki, Japan

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection
Allied Subjects, Kyoto, Japan

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection
Allied Subjects, Kobe, Japan

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection
Allied Subjects, Osaka, Japan

Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection
Allied Subjects, Hiroshima, Japan—No. 1

Summary Report Covering Air Raid Protection and
Allied Subjects in Japan

Final Report Covering Air Raid Protection and
Allied Subjects in Japan

and
and
and
and

and

Medical Division

The Effects of Bombing on Health and Medical
Services in Japan

The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Health and Medi-
eal Services in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Morale Division
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese
Morale
ECONOMIC STUDIES
Aircraft Division
The Japanese Aircraft Industry
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Corporation Report No, I

(Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK)
(Airframes & Engines)

131

bat

*18

*19

*20

21

*23

24

e995

#26

*29

*30

*31

Makajima Aircraft Company, Ltd.
Corporation Report No, IT
(Nakajima Hikok KK)
(Airframes & Engines)
Kawanishi Aircraft Company
Corporation Report No. IIT
(Kawanishi Kokuki Kabushiki Kaisha)
(Airframes)
Kawasaki Aireraft Industries Company, Inc,
Corporation Report No, 1V
(Kawasaki Kokuki
Kaisha)
(Airframes & Engines)
Aichi Aircraft Company
Corporation Report No. V
(Aichi Kokuki KK)
(Airframes & Engines)
Sumitomo Metal Industries, Propeller Division
Corporation Report No. VI
(Sumitomo Kinzoku Kogyo KK, Puropera
Seizosho)
(Propellers)
Hitachi Aireraft Company
Corporation Report No, VII
(Hitachi Kokuki KK)
(Airframes & Engines)
Japan International Air Industries, Ltd.
Corporation Report No, VIIT
(Nippon Kokusai Koku Kogyo KK)
(Airframes)
Japan Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company
Corporation Report No, 1X
(Nippon Gakki Seizo KK)
(Propellers)
Tachikawa Aircraft Company
Corporation Report No, X
(Tachikawa Hikoki KK)
(Airframes)
Fuki Airplane Company
Corporation Report No. XI
(Fuki Hikoki KK)
(Airframes)
Showa Airplane Company
Corporation Report No. XII
(Showa Hikoki Kogyo KK)
(Airframes)
Ishikawajima Aircraft Industries Company, Ltd.
Corporation Report No, XIIT
(Ishikawajima Koku Kogyo
Kaisha)
(Engines)

Nippon Airplane Company
Corporation Report No, XIV
(Nippon Hikoki KK)

(Airframes)
Kyushu Airplane Company
Corporation Report No. XV
(Kyushu Hikoki KK)
(Airframes)
Shoda Engineering Company
Corporation Report No. XVI
(Shoda Seisakujo)
(Components)

Kogyo Kabushiki

Kabushiki

*32 Mitaka Aircraft Industries
Corporation Report No. NVIT
(Mitaka Koku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha)
(Components)
°38 Nissan Automobile Company
Corporation Report No. XVIII
(Nissan Jidosha KK)
(Engines)
*34 Army Air Arsenal & Navy Air Depots
Corporation Report No. XIX
(Airframes and Engines)
“35 Japan Aircraft Underground
Report No, XX

Basic Materials Division

*36° Coal and Metals in Japan's War Economy

Capital Goods, Equipment and Construction Division

*37 The Japanese Construction Industry
*38 Japanese Electrical Equipment
*39 The Japanese Machine Building Industry

Electric Power Division

*40 The Electric Power Industry of Japan
*41 The Electric Power Industry of Japan (Plant Re-
ports)

Manpower, Food and Civilian Supplies Division

*42 The Japanese Wartime Standard of Living and
Utilization of Manpower

Military Supplies Division

*43° Japanese War Production Industries
*44 Japanese Naval Ordnance

*45 Japanese Army Ordnance

*46 Japanese Naval Shipbuilding

*47 Japanese Motor Vehicle Industry

*48 Japanese Merchant Shipbuilding

Oil and Chemical Division

49 Chemicals in Japan's War

50) Chemicals in Japan's War—Appendix
51) Oil in Japan's War

52 Oil in Japan’s War—Appendix

Over-all Economic Effects Division

“53 The Effects ef Strategic Bombing on Japan's War
iconomy (Including Appendix A: U. 8S. Eco-
nomic Intelligence on Japan—Analysis and
Comparison; Appendix B: Gross National Prod-
uct on Japan and Its Components: Appendix C:
Statistical Sources).

Transportation Division

“54 The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941-
1945
Urban Areas Division

“55 Effects of Air Attack on Japanese Urban Eeon-
omy (Summary Report)

*56 Effects of Air Attack on Urban Complex Tokyo-
Kawasaki-Yokohama

132

ST

Effects of Air Attack on the City of Nagoya
Effects of Air Attack on Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
Effects of Air Attack on the City of Nagasaki
Effects of Air Attack on the City of Hiroshima

MILITARY STUDIES
Military Analysis Division

Air Forces Allied with the United States in the
War Against Japan

Japanese Air Power

Japanese Air Weapons and Tactics

The Effect of Air Action on Japanese Ground
Army Logistics

Employment of Forees Under the Southwest
Pacific Command

The Strategic Air Operations of Very Heavy Bom-
bardment in the War Against Japan (Twentieth
Air Force)

Air Operations in China, Burma, India—World
War II

The Air Transport Command in the War Against
Japan

The Thirteenth Air Force in the War Against

Japan

The Seventh and Eleventh Air Forces in the War
Against Japan

The Fifth Air Force in the War Against Japan

Naval Analysis Division

The Interrogations of Japanese Officials (Vols, I
and IT)
Campaigns of the Pacific War
The Reduction of Wake Island
The Allied Campaign Against Rabaul
The American Campaign Against Wotje, Maloelap,
Mille, and Jaluit (Vols. I, Il and IIT)
The Reduction of Truk
The Offensive Mine Laying Campaign Against
Japan
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party—
Foreword, Introduction, Conclusions, and Gen-
eral Summary
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure A), Kamaishi Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (Bn-
closure B), Hamamatsu Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure ©), Hitachi Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure D), Hakodate Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure BE), Muroran Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
elosure F), Shimizu Area
Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closures G and H), Shionomi-Saki and Nojima-
Saki Areas
Report of Ships Bembardment Survey Party (En-
closure I), Comments and Data on Effectiveness
of Ammunition

R FSR

&

Report of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure J), Comments and Data on Accuracy of
Firing

Reports of Ships Bombardment Survey Party (En-
closure K), Effects of Surface Bombardments on
Japanese War Potential

Physical Damage Division

Effect of the Incendiary Bomb Attacks on Japan
(a Report on Eight Cities)

The Effects of the Ten Thousand Pound Bomb on
Japanese Targets (a Report on Nine Incidents)

Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, Japan

Effects of the Four Thousand Pound Bomb on
Japanese Targets (a Report on Five Incidents)

Effects of Two Thousand, One Thousand, and Five
Hundred Pound Bombs on Japanese Targets (a
Report on Eight Incidents)

A report.on Physical Damage in Japan (Sum-
mary Report)

G-2 Division
Japanese Military and Naval Intelligence
Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the

Japanese Homeland, Part I, Comprehensive Re-
port

133

101

102

103

104

105

*106

*107

108

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part Il, Airfields

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part III, Computed Bomb
Plotting

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part IV, Urban Area An-
alysis

Evaluation of Photographip Intelligence in the

Japanese Homeland, Part V, Camouflage

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part VI, Shipping

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part VII, Blectronics
ivaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part VIII, Beach IJntelli-
gence

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part IX, Artillery

Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence -in the
Japanese Homeland, Part X, Roads and Rail-
roads

Svaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the
Japanese Homeland, Part XI, Jndustrial An-
alysis

co U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1947—-713677

”

HM LNNULL ME

NLM 05098305 1h